Study on the Distribution Characteristics of Pathogens in Hospitalized Diabetic Foot Patients and Its Correlation with Different Wagner Grades
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摘要:
目的 研究云南省第三人民医院住院糖尿病足患者病原菌感染情况及与不同Wagner分级的相关性,了解住院糖尿病足患者感染病原菌特点及相关危险影响因素,进一步为住院糖尿病足患者抗感染治疗提供理论指导。 方法 回顾分析云南省第三人民医院2019年1月至2023年1月检测出细菌感染的536例糖尿病足患者的人口数据学资料、足溃疡严重程度、相关实验室检查结果。 结果 共536例糖尿病足患者培养出病原菌,其中感染革兰氏阳性菌268例(50.0%)、感染革兰氏阴性菌214例(39.9%)、感染真菌2例(0.4%)及感染混合细菌52例(9.7%)。感染革兰氏阳性菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌为主要病原菌;革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌为主。共有31例多重耐药菌,多重耐药率为(5.78%),其中革兰氏阳性菌中多重耐药均为金黄色葡萄球菌,革兰氏阴性菌中多重耐药菌为鲍曼不动杆菌(1例)、肺炎克雷伯杆菌(2例)、普通变形杆菌(2例)、铜绿假单胞菌(5例)、奇异变形菌(1例)、阴沟肠杆菌(1例)。将536例患者分为Wagner1、2级组 (78 例 )、Wagner3 级组 (274 例)和 Wagner4、5级组 (184 例 )。Wagner1、2级组感染单一细菌73例,混合细菌5 例,其中包括革兰阳性菌51例(65.4%),革兰阴性菌21例(26.9%),真菌1例(1.3%);Wagner3级组感染单一细菌248例,混合细菌26例。其中感染革兰阳性菌144例(52.6%),革兰阴性菌103例(37.6%),真菌1例(0.4%)。Wagner4、5级组感染单一细菌163例,混合细菌21例。其中感染革兰阳性菌73株(39.7%),革兰阴性菌90株(48.9%),真菌0株(0%)。Wagner1、2、3级患者感染病原菌以革兰阳性菌为主,Wagner4、5级感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主。不同Wagner分级的糖尿病足患者的白细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比、细菌分类情况、住院天数、血沉、白蛋白差异具有统计学意义 (P < 0.01),随着Wagner分级增高,患者白细胞计数、超敏C反应蛋白更高,住院天数更长,白蛋白水平更低;在年龄、性别、糖尿病病程、有无吸烟史、有无饮酒史、有无高血压病病史之间差异无统计学意义 (P > 0.05)。 结论 糖尿病足溃疡患者感染细菌情况与不同Wagner分级有关,Wagner分级越高,感染革兰氏阴性菌可能性越大,入院时可根据患者Wagner分级情况合理选择抗生素,积极控制感染,同时加强营养、缩短住院天数,减少截肢率发生,从而改善糖尿病足患者的预后。 Abstract: To study the pathogenic bacteria infection in hospitalized diabetic foot patients in the Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province and its correlation with different Wagner grades, to understand the the characteristics of pathogenic bacteria and related risk factors in hospitalized diabetic foot patients in the Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, and to further provide theoretical guidance for anti-infection treatment of these patients.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the demographic data, severity of foot ulcers, and related laboratory test results of 536 patients with diabetic foot who were detected to have bacterial infection in the Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province from January 2019 to January 2023. Results Among the 536 diabetic foot patients, pathogenic bacteria were cultured from 268 cases (50.0%) of Gram-positive bacterial infections, 214 cases(39.9%) of gram-negative bacterial infections, 2 cases(0.4%) of fungal infections, and 52 cases (9.7%) of mixed bacterial infections. The main pathogens among gram-positive bacteria were staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis. for Gram-negative bacteria, the main pathogens were Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae.There were 31 cases of multi-drug resistant bacteria, and the multi-drug resistance rate was (5.78%). Among Gram-positive bacteria, all multidrug-resistant strains were staphylococcus aureus, while among Gram-negative bacteria, the multi-drug resistant strains included. Objective Acinetobacter baumannii (1 case), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2 cases), Proteus common (2 cases), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5 cases), Proteus mirabilis (1 case) and Enterobacter cloacae (1 case). The 536 patients were divided into Wagner grade 1 and 2 groups (78 cases), Wagner grade 3 group (274 cases), and Wagner grade 4 and 5 groups (184 cases). There were 73 cases of single bacterial infections and 5 cases of mixed bacterial infections in Wagner grade 1 and 2 group, including 51 cases (65.4%) of gram-positive bacteria, 21 cases (26.9%) of gram-negative bacteria and 1 case (1.3%) of fungi. There were 248 cases of single bacterial infections and 26 cases of mixed bacterial infections in Wagner3 group, with 144 cases (52.6%) of gram-positive bacteria, 103 cases (37.6%) of gram-negative bacteria, and 1 case (0.4%) with fungi. In the Wagner grade 4 and 5 groups, there were 163 cases of single bacterial infections and 21 cases of mixed bacterial infection, with 73 strains( 39.7%) of gram-positive bacteria, 90 strains (48.9%) of gram-negative bacteria and 0 strain (0%) of fungi.The predominant infectious pathogens in Wagner grades 1, 2 and 3 were gram-positive bacteria, while those in Wagner grades 4 and 5 patients were mainly gram-negative bacteria. There were statistically significant differences in white blood cell counts, neutrophil percentage, bacterial classification, length of hospital stay, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and albumin levels among diabetic foot patients with different Wagner grades (P < 0.01). With the increase of Wagner grade, patients had higher white blood cell counts and hypersensitive C-reactive protein levels, longer hospital stays, and lower albumin levels; however, there were no statistically significant differences in age, sex, duration of diabetes, smoking history, alcohol consumption history and history of hypertension (P > 0.05). Conclusion The bacterial infection situation in patients with diabetic foot ulcers is related to different Wagner grades. The higher the Wagner grades, the greater the likelihood of infection with gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotics can be reasonably selected according to the Wagner grades of patients upon admission, actively controlling infection, while also enhancing, shortening hospital stays, and reducing amputation rates, thereby improving the prognosis of diabetic foot patients. -
Key words:
- Diabetes mellitus /
- Diabetic foot /
- Pathogenic bacteria /
- Wagner classification
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表 1 不同Wagner分级糖尿病足患者危险因素分析[n(%)]
Table 1. Analysis of risk factors in diabetic foot patients with different Wagner grades [n(%)]
项目 Wagner1、2级(n = 78) Wagner3级(n = 274) Wagner4级(n = 184) F/χ2 P 平均住院天数(d) 13(9.75,15.00) 15(13,18) 16(13.25,18) 25.662 < 0.010* 平均年龄(岁) 62.94 ± 11.456 60.85 ± 12.546 61.79 ± 11.805 0.991 0.372 平均糖尿病病程(a) 13(7,20) 10(6,20) 13(8,20) 3.725 0.155 糖尿病足病程(月) 1.00(0.23,2.00) 2.00(0.50,4.00) 2.00(0.66,4.00) 20.891 < 0.001* 白细胞计数(×109/L) 7.45(5.58,9.31) 8.87(7.09,10.92) 9.95(7.33,15.89) 37.479 < 0.001* 血沉(mm/L) 38.00(13.00,68.00) 68.00(39.75,80.00) 71.00(68.00,95.75) 56.681 < 0.001* 中性粒细胞计数(109/L) 68.15(57.00,74.12) 71.75(64.45,80.82) 77.7(68.17,86.62) 46.102 < 0.001* 白蛋白( g/L) 37.55 ± 4.62 34.77 ± 5.58 32.32 ± 6.16 43.897 < 0.001* 饮酒史/例(%) 有 57(73.1) 178(65.0) 122(66.3) 1.808 0.405 无 21(26.9) 96(35.0) 62(33.7) 高血压[n(%)] 有 26(33.3) 119(43.4) 75(40.8) 2.568 0.277 无 52(66.7) 155(56.6) 109(59.2) 性别[n(%)] 男 50(64.1) 191(69.7) 120(65.2) 1.447 0.485 女 28(35.9) 83(30.3) 64(34.8) 吸烟史[n(%)] 有 57(73.1) 178(65.0) 122(66.3) 1.808 0.405 无 21(26.9) 96(35.0) 62(33.7) *P < 0.05。 表 2 主要革兰阳性球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率 [株(%)]
Table 2. Resistance rates of major Gram-positive cocci to common antimicrobial agents[strains(%)]
抗生素 金黄色葡萄
球菌(128株)粪肠球菌
(47株)表皮葡萄
球菌(21株)青霉素 115(89.84) 9(19.15) 7(33.33) 庆大霉素 20(15.62) 14(29.79) 1(4.76) 左旋氧氟沙星 33(25.78) 10(21.28) 4(19.05) 莫西沙星 22(17.19) 10((21.28) - 红霉素 79(61.72) 25(53.19) 5(23.81) 克林霉素 80(62.5) 31(65.96) 5(23.81) 复方新诺明 38(29.69) 1(2.13) 4(19.05) 苯唑西林 34(26.56) 5(10.64) 7(33.33) 四环素 43(33.59) 28(59.57) 6(28.57) 环丙沙星 22(17.19) 11(23.40) 2(9.52) 奎奴普丁 7(5.47) 25 1(4.76) 链霉素 - 4(8.51) - 利奈唑胺 - - 2(9.52) 阿莫西林 8(6.25) - 2(9.52) 氨苄西林 17(13.28) 3(6.38) 2(9.52) 达托霉素 1(0.78) - 1(4.76) 替加环素 6(4.69) - 3(14.29) 万古霉素 1(0.78) - 2(9.52) 表 3 主要革兰阴性球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率 [株(%)]
Table 3. Resistance rates of major Gram-negative cocci to common antimicrobial agents[strains(%)]
抗生素 大肠埃
希菌(57株)阴沟肠
杆菌(43株)肺炎克雷伯
杆菌(30株)阿莫西林 6(10.53) 33(76.74) 6(20.00) 头孢呋辛 18(31.58) 22(51.16) 12(40.00) 头孢西丁 7(12.28) 29(67.44) 3(10.00) 头孢他啶 5(8.77) 11(25.58) 6(20.00) 头孢曲松 15(26.32) 14(32,56) 7(23.30) 左旋氧氟沙星 18(31.58) 9(20.93) 9(30.00) 复方新诺明 28(49.12) 16(37.21) 18(60.00) 环丙沙星 8(14.03) 11(25.58) 8(26.67.00) 氨曲南 7(12.28) 11(25.58) 6(20.00) 氨苄西林 45(78.94) 33(76.74) 22(73.30) 头孢唑林 28(49.12) 30(69.77) 16(53.30) 亚胺培南 2(3.50) 4(9.30) 3(10.00) 庆大霉素 17(29.82) 9(20.93) 5(16.67) 环丙沙星 5(8.77) - - 哌拉西林 14(24.56) 17(39.54) 7(23.33) 头孢吡肟 4(7.01) 3(6.98) 5(16.67) 呋喃妥因 4(7.01) 2(4.65) 7(23.33) 妥布霉素 1(1.75) 6(13.95) 3(10.00) 阿卡米星 - - 3(10.00) 表 4 不同wagner分级与不同病原菌的差异性分析[n(%)]
Table 4. Differential Analysis of Different wagner grades and Different pathogens [n(%)]
因素 Wagner1、2级(n = 78) Wagner3级(n = 274) Wagner4、5级(n = 184) F/χ2 P 病原菌分类 革兰阳性菌 51(65.4) 144(52.6) 71(39.7) 19.227 0.004* 革兰阴性菌 21(26.9) 103(37.6) 90(48.9) 19.227 0.004* 真菌 1(1.3) 26(9.5) 21(11.4) 19.227 0.004* 多种细菌混合 5(6.4) 26(9.5) 21(11.4) 19.227 0.004* *P < 0.05。 -
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