A Comparative Study on the Establishment of Animal Models of Chronic Renal Failure by Two Methods
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摘要:
目的 分别使用2种方法建立慢性肾衰竭(chronic renal failure,CRF)大鼠模型,对比2种模型的稳定性,旨在为建立一种稳定性高的CRF动物模型提供依据。 方法 分别使用单侧肾切除+腺嘌呤灌胃+高磷饲料喂养法、高磷+腺嘌呤饲料喂养法建立CRF大鼠模型。造模结束及造模后6周检测模型动物的红细胞、血红蛋白,血清尿素、肌酐,并行肾脏、骨组织病理学检查,计算肾小管间质纤维化指数(tubulointerstitial fibrosis index,TBI)、肾组织胶原纤维面积百分比。 结果 模型一组(单侧肾切除+腺嘌呤灌胃+高磷饲料喂养法)造模结束时,与正常对照组比,红细胞、血红蛋白明显下降(P < 0.05),血清尿素、肌酐明显升高(P < 0.05),TBI、肾组织胶原纤维面积百分比轻度升高(P < 0.05),股骨病变明显。造模结束后6周,与正常对照组比,模型一组红细胞、血红蛋白轻度下降(P < 0.05),血清尿素、肌酐水平差异无统计学意义,TBI、肾组织胶原纤维面积百分比轻度升高(P < 0.05),股骨病变不明显。模型二组(高磷+腺嘌呤饲料喂养法)造模结束时,与正常组比,红细胞、血红蛋白明显下降(P < 0.05),血清尿素、肌酐、TBI、肾组织胶原纤维面积百分比明显升高(P < 0.05),股骨病变明显。造模后6周,与正常组比,模型二组红细胞、血红蛋白较正常组明显下降(P < 0.05),血清尿素、肌酐、TBI、肾组织胶原纤维面积百分比较正常组明显升高(P < 0.05),股骨病变明显。造模后6周,与模型一组比,模型二组大鼠红细胞、血红蛋白明显降低(P < 0.05),血清尿素、肌酐、TBI、肾组织胶原纤维面积百分比明显升高(P < 0.05),骨病变程度明显。 结论 高磷+腺嘌呤饲料喂养法可建立稳定性较高的CRF大鼠模型。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the stability of the two kinds of rat models of chronic renal failure, aiming to provide a basis for establishing a feasible and stable animal model of chronic renal failure. Methods The rat model of chronic renal failure was established by unilateral nephrectomy + adenine gavage + high-phosphorus diet and high-phosphorus + adenine diet, respectively. Erythrocyte and hemoglobin levels, serum urea and creatinine levels were detected at the end of modeling and 6 weeks after modeling, and histopathological examinations of kidney and bone were performed. The tubulointerstitial fibrosis index (TBI) and the percentage of collagen fiber area in renal tissue were calculated. Results At the end of modeling, compared with the normal group, the erythrocyte and hemoglobin in the model group 1(unilateral nephrectomy + adenine gavage + high-phosphorus) were significantly decreased(P < 0.05), the serum urea and creatinine were significantly increased(P < 0.05), TBI and the percentage of collagen fiber area in kidney tissue were slightly increased(P < 0.05), and the femur lesions were significantly increased. 6 weeks after modeling, compared with the normal group, the erythrocyte and hemoglobin in model group 1 showed a slight decrease (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in serum urea and creatinine levels. The TBI and collagen fiber area percentage in renal tissue showed a slight increase (P < 0.05), and there was no obvious change in femoral lesions. At the end of the modeling, the erythrocyte and hemoglobin in the model group 2 (high-phosphorus + adenine diet) were significantly decreased compared with the normal group(P < 0.05), serum urea, creatinine, TBI and the percentage of collagen fiber area in kidney tissue were significantly increased(P < 0.05), and the lesions of femur were obvious. 6 weeks after the end of modeling, compared with the normal group, the erythrocyte and hemoglobin in the model group 2 were significantly decreased(P < 0.05), serum urea, creatinine, TBI and the percentage of collagen fiber area in kidney tissue were significantly increased(P < 0.05), and the lesions of femur were obvious. 6 weeks after the end of modeling, compared with the model group 1, the erythrocyte and hemoglobin in the model group 2 were significantly decreased(P < 0.05), while the serum urea, creatinine, TBI, the collagen fiber area percentage of kidney tissue and femur lesions were significantly increased(P < 0.05). Conclusions A stable rat model of chronic renal failure can be established by high phosphorus + adenine diet. -
Key words:
- Rat /
- Chronic renal failure /
- Adenine /
- Stability
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肺炎支原体P蛋白组合体粘附、CARDS毒素释放启动对机体的侵袭 [1];机体免疫应答依赖着抗原递呈组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)。人类白细胞抗原-DR(human leukocyte antigen,HLA-DR)是MHC II重要分子之一,主要表达于单核/巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、B细胞及活化的T细胞表面,限制和放大着免疫应答,免疫的紊乱和逃逸与重症病例的发生发展密切相关。维生素A(vitamin A,VitA)为机体必须微量元素,晚近发现VitA及其代谢产物参与多种路径的免疫调控[2]。由于难治性肺炎支原体肺炎无统一诊断标准,重症肺炎有明确定义。因此本研究分析24例重症肺炎支原体肺炎外周血淋巴细胞CD3+HLA-DR表达、血清VitA水平,探讨其相关性,为探索重症机制提供科学依据。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
回顾性分析2017年1月至2020年12月入住昆明医科大学第二附属医院儿科病房,符合重症肺炎支原体肺炎(肺炎患儿出现严重的通换气功能障碍或肺内外并发症)[3]诊断标准的24例患儿,随机选取同期住院的普通肺炎支原体肺炎47例为普通组;单纯上呼吸道感染8例(发热、咽痛、肺炎支原体抗体阴性)、身材矮小症住院测生长激素15例,共23例患儿为对照组;所有患儿均具备完整病历记录和知情同意书。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 实验资料采集
所有患儿于入院次日晨采集空腹静脉血,其中非抗凝血1 mL送昆明和合医学检验所有限公司检测血清VitA水平;抗凝血3 mL送本院检验室检测免疫功能,非抗凝血4 mL行血培养、肝肾功能、呼9联等检测,部分患儿行痰培养、肺部影像学检测;观测血清VitA水平、淋巴细胞亚群及转归。
1.2.2 实验方法
肺炎支肺原体抗体滴度测定选用微量血被动凝集法,采用日本富士瑞共必欧株式会社生产的赛乐迪亚―麦克Ⅱ试剂盒,结果判断:特异性 HPIgM、IgG双抗体滴度≥1:160有诊断意义。淋巴细胞CD19,CD4,CD8,CD3+HLA-DR选用美国贝曼流式细胞仪及试剂测定,以率(%)表示。血清VitA检测:采用高效液相色谱法,以mg/L表示。
1.2.3 诊断及排除标准
肺炎支原体肺炎(mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,MPP)及重症肺炎支原体肺炎(serious mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,SMPP)诊断标准参照:“中国实用儿科杂志”《儿童社区获得性肺炎诊疗规范(2019年版)》及《中国儿童肺炎支原体感染实验室诊断规范和临床实践专家共识》(2019年)[3-4]。排除标准:(1)营养不良;(2)先天性免疫功能缺陷;(3)慢性感染性疾病。
1.2.4 维生素A缺乏判断
维生素A缺乏判断参照“实用儿科临床杂志”《维生素A缺乏的诊断、治疗及预防》:(1)临床型维生素A缺乏:血清维生素A浓度≤0.35 μmol/L(即≤0.1 mg/L);(2)亚临床维生素A缺乏:0.35 < 血清维生素A浓度 < 0.7 μmoL/L(即0.1 < 血清维生素A浓度 < 0.2 mg/L);(3)可疑亚临床维生素A缺乏(边缘型维生素A缺乏):0.7 μmol/L≤血清维生素A浓度 < 1.05 μmol/L(即0.2 mg/L≤血清维生素A < 0.3 mg/L)[5]。
1.3 统计学处理
采用SPSS19.0软件对数据进行整理分析;正态分布计量资料以均数± 标准差表示,采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用LSD-t检验;计数资料以率表示,性别行卡方检验,血清VitA水平状况等级资料行秩和Kruskal-vvallisH(K)检验;相关性分析采用 Pearson 分析;危险因素采用Logistic分析,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1 重症肺炎支原体肺炎临床特点
24例重症病例中:3例合并脑病,2例合并严重心肌损伤,1例合并肾炎;其余18例为肺内并发症;经治疗全部好转出院。
2.2 重症组与普通组、对照组比较
3组患儿年龄、性别比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05) ;CD19,CD4,CD8,CD3+HLA-DR,VitA值比较:重症组淋巴细胞CD4,CD3+HLA-DR表达及血清VitA水平明显降低,CD19明显增高,与普通组和对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);VitA与CD4,CD3+HLA-DR正相关(r = 0.371,0.688,P < 0.05),见表1。
表 1 重症组、普通组、对照组年龄性别 CD19,CD4,CD8,CD3+HLA-DR,VitA比较[$\bar x \pm s$ /n(%)]Table 1. Comparison of age,sex,CD19,CD4,CD8,CD3 + HLA-DR,Vita in severe group,normal group and control group组别 N(例) 男/女 年龄(岁) CD19(%) CD4(%) CD8(%) CD3+HLA-DR(%) VitA(mg/L) 重症组 24 14/10 4.97 ± 1.79 18.66 ± 2.56* 34.2 ± 4.54* 29.37 ± 4.48 11.83 ± 2.57* 0.23 ± 0.10*△ 普通组 47 30/17 4.87 ± 1.79 17.1 ± 2.91 38.1 ± 4.04 28.21 ± 2.65 17.11 ± 2.71 0.33 ± 0.14△ 对照组 23 12/11 4.77 ± 2.11 16.13 ± 1.86 39.35 ± 3.86 28.69 ± 2.36 18.78 ± 1.86 0.40 ± 0.14 F/χ2 0.892 0.186 6.748 10.380 1.080 52.201 10.082 p 0.640 0.851 0.002 < 0.001 0.344 < 0.001 < 0.001 两两比较,*P < 0.05;与对照组比较,△P < 0.05。 2.3 3组血清VitA水平状况分析
24例重症患儿只有1例(4.1%)血清VA水平达标,23例(95.9%)均有可疑亚临床以上的缺乏;普通组和对照组的70例患儿中27例(38.6%)有不同程度的VitA缺乏,普通组VitA不足率(44.7%)比对照组(26.1%)高,3组VitA缺乏率比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表2。
表 2 3组血清VitA水平状况 n(%)Table 2. Serum VitA level in 3 groups n(%)分型 重症组(%) 普通组(%) 对照组(%) 合计 临床缺乏 4(16.7) 1(2.1) 0(0) 5(5.3) 亚临床缺乏 15(62.5) 9(19.2) 1(4.3) 25(26.6) 可疑亚临床缺乏 4(16.7) 11(23.4) 5(21.7) 10(10.6) 正常 1(4.1) 26(55.3) 17(73.9) 44(46.8) 秩均值 21.52 53.10 63.17 χ2 36.064 P 0.0001* *P < 0.05。 2.4 影响重症肺炎支原体肺炎多因素分析
以是否发生SMMP为因变量(是 = 0,否 = 1),将单因素分析中2组比较有统计学意义的变量作为自变量,引入非条件Logistic回归模型进行多因素分析,结果显示,血清VitA水平、CD3+HLA-DR表达的下降均是SMMP的独立危险因素(OR = 4.42、2.38,P < 0.05),见表3。
表 3 SMMP影响因素的Logistic回归分析Table 3. Logistic regression analysis of influencing factors of SMMP变量 回归系数 标准误 Waldχ2 P OR(95%CI) EXP(B)的95%CI 下限 上限 CD19(%) 0.096 0.155 0.381 0.537 1.10 0.812 1.493 CD4(%) 0.155 0.101 2.374 0.123 1.16 0.959 1.424 CD3+HLA-DR(%) 0.868 0.235 13.63 0.000* 2.38 1.503 3.779 VitA(mg/L) 10.65 4.723 5.084 0.024* 4.42 4.027 44.298 常量 −21.918 7.073 9.602 0.002* 0.000 *P < 0.05。 3. 讨论
随着重症肺炎支原体肺炎重症病例报道的增多,其表现形式也多样性:胸腔积液、肺不张、闭塞性支气管炎及细支气管炎、坏死性肺炎、肺脓肿、并发中枢感染、心衰、心肌炎、消化道出血、肾炎、DIC等[6-7]。Meyer等[8]在动物模型肺组织和蔡辰等[9]在SMPP支气管肺泡灌洗液中均发现多种细胞因子表达和T2占优势免疫应答,通过MP-脂蛋白TLR-MYD88- NF-κB信号通路及HLA-DR的不同表达[10]。邵晓丽等[11]报道SMPP单核细胞HLA-DR表达明显低于非重症患者。Manzoli TF等[12]报道脓毒症患者体内单核细胞HLA-DR水平较非脓毒症患者低,为重症指标;也作为免疫抑制标志[13-14]。本研究结果与上述报道一致,SMPP外周血CD3+HLA-DR表达明显抑制,同时伴有CD4降低,CD19升高(P < 0.05),表明淋巴细胞活化参与了MPP的发生发展,过强的免疫反应不仅会诱发过分的免疫反应,而且还会导致自身免疫损伤(免疫麻痹),为重症并发的基础。
维生素A与免疫相关,其代谢产物视黄酸,不仅上调或抑制着数百种基因表达,而且还调节着糖蛋白合成需要的辅酶。I H Hiemstra等[15]研究发现了维甲酸可使CD38+/CD20-/IgD- B细胞增多。上调郎格汉斯细胞表面MHC-II类分子和CD86表达[16]。本研究也显示重症组VitA血清水平明显低于普通组和对照组(P < 0.05),与CD3+HLA-DR表达正相关(r = 0.688,P < 0.05),是SMPP的危险因素(OR = 4.42,2.38);按可疑亚临床维生素A缺乏及缺乏诊断:血清维生素A < 0.3 mg/l,重症组95.9%处于缺乏状态,推测VitA也参与调控淋巴细胞的活化。
本研究也纳入了23例上感和身材矮小症者,VitA可疑缺乏率38.6%;一项多中心大样本调查显示[17]:中国儿童可疑VitA缺乏高达39.2%;本课题对94例不同程度疾病的患儿进行分析,VitA可疑缺乏率42.5%远高于此,重症病例尤甚(95.9%),一般感染和非感染患儿为38.6%,提示疾病一方面影响了VitA的摄入,同时也可能加速了VitA的消耗,启示对重症病例的管理一定要注重营养的调理,尤其微量元素VitA的补充。
由于本研究纳入样本量较少,重症组会出现部分偏差,尤其影响多因素分析中的OR值(变大);其次参与重症病情发生发展的免疫机制复杂,尤其生长发育中的儿童,免疫反应往往与营养变化不一致,需进一步大样本前瞻性随机对照研究。
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表 1 肾组织TBI评分和胶原纤维百分比($ \bar x \pm s $)
Table 1. TBI scores and percentage of collagen fibers of renal tissue ($ \bar x \pm s $)
时间 正常对照组
(n = 10)模型一组
(n = 10)模型二组
(n = 13)F P TBI评分 造模结束时 0.00 ± 0.00 1.69 ± 0.12# 2.58 ± 0.06#* 2876.793 < 0.001 造模结束后6周 0.00 ± 0.00 0.39 ± 0.19#¥ 2.04 ± 0.14#*¥ 743.100 < 0.001 胶原纤维百分比(%) 造模结束时 0.53 ± 0.13 5.77 ± 1.03# 35.20 ± 4.49#* 492.517 < 0.001 造模结束后6周 0.85 ± 0.09 7.33 ± 0.94#¥ 37.21 ± 4.98#* 433.534 < 0.001 注:与正常对照组比较,#P < 0.05;与模型一组比较,*P< 0.05;与造模结束时比较,¥P < 0.05。 表 2 2种实验方法大鼠红细胞和血红蛋白水平比较($ \bar x \pm s $)
Table 2. Comparison of erythrocyte and hemoglobin levels between the two methods
时间 正常对照组
(n = 10)模型一组
(n = 10)模型二组
(n = 13)F P 红细胞 (×1012/L) 造模结束时 7.55 ± 0.45 5.21 ± 1.27# 4.57 ± 0.71# 32.128 < 0.001 造模结束后6周 7.67 ± 0.29 6.34 ± 0.65#¥ 4.88 ± 1.11*# 34.416 < 0.001 血红蛋白 (g/L) 造模结束时 171.40 ± 9.51 109.90 ± 27.20# 83.40 ± 10.34*# 65.217 < 0.001 造模结束后6周 168.60 ± 9.25 144.60 ± 11.29#¥ 98.85 ± 16.50*#¥ 84.366 < 0.001 注:与正常对照组比较,#P < 0.05;与模型一组比较,*P < 0.05;与造模结束时比较,¥P < 0.05。 表 3 2种实验方法大鼠血清肌酐和尿素值($ \bar x \pm s $)
Table 3. Comparison of serum creatinine and urea values between the two methods ($ \bar x \pm s $)
时间 正常对照组
(n = 10)模型一组
(n = 10)模型二组
(n = 13)F P 肌酐(μmol/L) 造模结束时 53.95 ± 7.82 381.33 ± 112.45# 390.50 ± 40.30# 76.945 < 0.001 造模结束后6周 58.73 ± 4.05 71.55 ± 13.86¥ 213.53 ± 51.14*#¥ 78.604 < 0.001 尿素(mmol/L) 造模结束时 5.85 ± 1.52 58.33 ± 5.65# 45.23 ± 9.35*# 184.134 < 0.001 造模结束后6周 5.83 ± 1.34 8.35 ± 1.78¥ 35.25 ± 15.65*# 31.580 < 0.001 注:与正常对照组比较,#P < 0.05;与模型一组比较,*P < 0.05;与造模结束时比较,¥P < 0.05。 -
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