Effect of Dexmedetomidine Combined with Nalbuphine in Meningioma Surgery on Postoperative Cognitive Function
-
摘要:
目的 探讨右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)联合纳布啡在脑膜瘤手术中应用对患者炎症及术后认知功能的影响。 方法 选取2018年7月至2019年3月昆明医科大学第一附属医院行择期脑膜瘤切除术治疗的符合纳入标准的患者60例,随机分为Dex联合纳布啡组(DN组,n = 30)和Dex组(D组,n = 30)。DN组在切皮前5 min静脉注射盐酸纳布啡0.2 mg/kg,诱导前30 min予Dex1 µg/kg泵注10 min后改为0.5 µg/(kg·h),持续泵注至缝合硬脑膜前。D组相同方案给Dex。其余麻醉方案相同。 结果 DN组拔管后HR、MAP均较D组低(P < 0.05),DN组住院时间明显缩短(P < 0.05)。DN组在相同时刻IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α浓度较D组较低;同组术前比较,DN组IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α浓度升高较D组小。DN组术后6 h、24 h MMSE评分明显较D组高(P < 0.05);与术前相比,DN组6 h MMSE评分明显较低(P < 0.05),D组6 h、24 h简易精神量表(MMSE)评分明显较低(P < 0.05)。 结论 Dex联合纳布啡对脑膜瘤切除术患者能更好的维持血流动力学指标,减轻患者炎症反应,对患者术后认知功能影响更小,缩短住院时间。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine (Dex)combined with nalbuphine in meningioma surgery on inflammation and postoperative cognitive function. Methods From July 2018 to March 2019, 60 patients who underwent elective meningioma resection in the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University and met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into Dex combined with nalbuphine group (DN group, n = 30) and Dex group (D group, n = 30). In the DN group, nalbuphine hydrochloride 0.2 mg/kg was injected intravenously 5 minutes before the skin incision, and Dex was injected with a pump of 1 μg/kg 30 minutes before induction, and then changed to 0.5 μg(kg·h), and the pump was continued until meninges are sutured. Give Dex the same plan for Group D. The rest of the anesthesia scheme is same. Results After extubation, the HR and MAP in the DN group were lower than those in the D group (P < 0.05), and the hospital stay in the DN group was significantly shorter (P < 0.05). At the same time, the concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in the DN group were lower than those in the D group; compared with the same group, the IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α concentrations in the DN group increased less than that in the D groupbefore the operation. The 6 h and 24 h MMSE scores in the DN group were significantly higher than those in the D group (P < 0.05); compared with preoperatively, the 6 h MMSE score in the DN group was significantly lower (P < 0.05), and the 6 h and 24 h simple mental scale in the D group (MMSE) score was significantly lower (P < 0.05). Conclusions Dex combined with nalbuphine can better maintain hemodynamic indexes for patients undergoing meningioma resection, reduce the inflammatory response of the patients, have a smaller impact on the postoperative cognitive function of the patients, and shorten the hospital stay. -
Key words:
- Dexmedetomidine /
- Nalbuphine /
- Meningioma surgery /
- Cognitive function
-
脑膜瘤是起源于脑膜的肿瘤,发病率高,约占颅内原发肿瘤的30%[1]。脑膜瘤以手术治疗为主,手术时间长、创伤大,导致免疫系统激活引起全身炎症反应,使体内炎症介质水平增高,导致术后严重的神经系统并发症[2]。
右美托嘧啶(dexmedetomidine,Dex)是现在术中常用的α2-肾上腺素受体激动剂[3-4],在围术期对多脏器都具有保护作用,改善患者预后[5]。在神经外科手术中应用,可稳定血流动力学,减轻炎症反应,抑制自由基的产生,从而起到脑保护的作用[6-8]。盐酸纳布啡是一种阿片类兴奋-拮抗剂,兴奋κ受体发挥镇静镇痛作用,部分拮抗μ受体。纳布啡在手术中可抑制炎症,使术中生命体征更平稳[9]。本研究通过联合应用Dex与纳布啡和单用Dex比较,探讨Dex联合纳布啡对脑膜瘤患者炎症及术后认知功能的影响。
1. 对象与方法
1.1 研究对象
本研究通过昆明医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会审核,并取得患者及其家属的书面同意。纳入标准:年龄24~54岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,无其他系统疾病,无药物依赖史。排除标准:重要脏器失代偿者;对计划用药过敏者;无法完成简易精神状态检查表(MMSE)[10]或术前评分 < 24分的患者;围术期输血者;围术期应用影响免疫功能药物者;手术失败者。选取符合标准且于2018年7月至2019年3月昆明医科大学第一附属医院行择期脑膜瘤切除术治疗的患者共60例。采用随机数字表法将符合标准的患者分成两组:Dex联合纳布啡组(DN组)和Dex组(D组)。DN组男16例,女14例,平均(41.93±10.62)岁,平均手术时长(250±27.36) min。D组男17例,女13例,平均(40.33±8.56)岁,平均手术时长(257.20±29.13) min。两组患者年龄、性别构成、手术时长等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 麻醉方法
常规禁饮禁食,未使用麻醉前用药。入室后监测HR、MAP、ECG、SpO2、BIS。两组患者均予以相同的麻醉方案,采用麻醉机面罩吸氧FiO2 100%,氧流量3~4 L/min。麻醉诱导:依次静脉推注咪达唑仑2 mg,芬太尼3~4 µg/kg,丙泊酚1.5~2.5 mg/kg,罗库溴铵0.6~0.8 mg/kg诱导,诱导结束经口插入相应(ID 6.5~8.0)钢丝导管。插管后行右颈内静脉穿刺置管,测CVP。麻醉维持:瑞芬太尼0.25~2 µg/(kg·min)、丙泊酚4~12 mg/(kg·h)持续微量泵泵入,维持BIS值在40~60之间。DN组在切皮前5 min静脉注射盐酸纳布啡0.2 mg/kg,于诱导前30 min予Dex1 µg/kg泵注10 min后改为0.5 µg/(kg·h),持续泵注至缝合硬脑膜前。D组中Dex给予方案同前,不给纳布啡。
术中若MAP、HR平稳,BIS值超过50则调大丙泊酚泵注量;若BIS值40~50,MAP、HR升高则调大瑞芬太尼泵注量;若心动过缓(HR < 50次/min)静注阿托品0.3~0.5 mg,低血压(平均血压低于基础值的70%和(或)MAP < 60 mmHg)予麻黄碱6~12 mg。
1.2.2 观察指标
记录术前(T1),诱导插管时(T2),切皮时(T3),清醒拔管时(T4)的心率血压。于术前(t1),术后2 h (t2),术后6 h (t3),术后24 h (t4)采集中心静脉血液2 mL,用流式细胞仪检测炎症相关因子白介素6(IL-6)、白介素10 (IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)浓度。在术前、术后6 h、术后24 h、术后3 d、术后6 d进行MMSE评分。MMSE评分 < 24分者,判定为术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)。
1.3 统计学处理
采用SPSS统计软件分析实验结果。计量资料服从正态分布用均数±标准差描述,两组不同时间点比较采用重复测量的方差分析,如有差异两组间比较采用独立样本t检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义(α = 0.05)。
2. 结果
2.1 两组心率、平均动脉压、住院时间比较
与D组相比,DN组拔管后HR、MAP均较低(P < 0.05)。与术前相比,DN组插管时、切皮时HR、MAP均明显降低(P < 0.05);D组插管时MAP明显下降(P < 0.05),切皮时、拔管时HR、MAP明显下降(P < 0.05)。DN组住院时间平均(11.37±1.72) d,D组住院时间平均(12.63±1.65) d,DN组住院时间明显缩短(P < 0.05),见表1。
表 1 两组术中HR、MAP和住院时间比较($\bar x \pm s$ )Table 1. Comparison of intraoperative HR,MAP and hospitalization time between the two groups ($\bar x \pm s$ )组别 观察指标 术前 插管时 切皮时 拔管时 DN组 HR (次/min) 82.23 ± 4.85 77.03 ± 7.99# 77.73 ± 7.58# 81.03 ± 5.91* MAP (mmHg) 82.4 ± 4.35 74.77 ± 3.98# 77.70 ± 3.46# 82.50 ± 4.54* D组 HR (次/min) 82.43 ± 4.57 78.97 ± 6.81 78.83 ± 7.95# 87.23 ± 7.66# MAP (mmHg) 81.83 ± 4.28 74.93 ± 4.71# 77.93 ± 4.43# 85.30 ± 5.23# 与D组比较,*P < 0.05;与同组术前比较,#P < 0.05; 2.2 两组炎症反应比较
与D组相比,DN组IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α浓度在T1、T2、T3、T4时刻浓度较低(P < 0.05);与同组术前IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α浓度相比较,除T4时刻TNF-α浓度差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。DN组IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α浓度上升较D组小,见表2。
表 2 两组相同时间点炎症因子水平比较[($ {\bar{{x}}} \pm s$ ),pg/mL]Table 2. Comparison of inflammatory factor levels between the two groups at the same time point [($ {\bar{{x}}} \pm s$ ),pg/mL]组别 术前 2 h 6 h 24 h IL-6 IL-10 TNF-α IL-6 IL-10 TNF-α IL-6 IL-10 TNF-α IL-6 IL-10 TNF-α DN组 1.85±0.28 1.74±0.16 0.40±0.20 10.04±1.84*# 24.12±1.41*# 0.16±0.11*# 25.76±1.25*# 2.55±0.85*# 0.27±0.07*# 22.30±5.48*# 2.43±0.36*# 0.39±0.09* D组 1.94±0.38 1.75±0.15 0.38±0.17 18.26±2.34# 38.01±1.97# 0.60±0.08# 35.72±6.10# 11.59±1.34# 0.71±0.12# 49.58±5.51# 5.41±0.34# 0.79±0.11# 与D组比较,*P < 0.05;与同组术前比较,#P < 0.05。 2.3 两组术后认知功能比较
与D组相比,DN组术后6 h、24 h MMSE简易智力状态检查量表评分明显较高(P < 0.05);与术前相比,DN组6 h MMSE评分明显较低(P < 0.05),D组6 h、24 h MMSE评分明显较低(P < 0.05),见表3。
表 3 两组术后认知功能MMSE评分比较[(${\bar{{x}}}\pm s$ ),分]Table 3. Comparison of MMSE scores of postoperative cognitive function between the two groups [(${\bar{{x}}}\pm s$ ),scores]组别 术前 术后6 h 术后24 h 术后3 d 术后6 d DN组 27.37 ± 1.73 25.93 ± 2.18*# 26.33 ± 2.37* 26.77 ± 1.52 26.97 ± 1.71 D组 26.5 ± 1.93 24.80 ± 1.67# 25.10 ± 1.81# 27.33 ± 2.09 27.10 ± 1.79 与D组比较,*P < 0.05;与同组术前比较,#P < 0.05。 3. 讨论
脑膜瘤是起源于脑膜及脑膜间隙的肿瘤,多为良性,呈膨胀性生长。根据肿瘤位置不同,可以出现头痛、癫痫,视力、视野、嗅觉或听觉障碍及肢体运动障碍等[11]。手术切除是脑膜瘤最有效的治疗手段。
Dex与大脑蓝斑受体作用发挥镇静作用[12];同时,Dex通过结合脊髓后角α2受体抑制疼痛冲动向中枢传递,有一定的镇痛作用[13]。Ye Cai等[14]的研究表明α2受体激动剂可改善缺血性脑损伤的预后。纳布啡属吗啡喃类,是一种激动–拮抗镇痛药,结构上类似于阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮和强效阿片类镇痛药羟吗啡酮,镇痛效价与吗啡类似,但副作用较少[15]。研究发现,使用纳布啡可更有效的缓解神经外科手术后的疼痛[16]。本研究中,笔者对比Dex联合纳布啡和单独用于脑膜瘤手术中,发现联合用药组术中生命体征更稳定,术后生命体征与术前差异更小,住院时间缩短。保持稳定的生命体征有利于维持患者器官灌注稳定,减少不良预后,说明联合用药更有利于维持生命体征稳定。
颅内病变或手术可激活蓝斑去甲肾上腺素轴和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴以及刺激免疫系统,导致激素和促炎细胞因子分泌增加[17]。TNF-α,IL-6是中枢神经系统神经炎症的主要介质,并且首先在缺血性脑损伤的急性期引发[18]。适当释放炎症介质与神经保护有关但过度炎症反应可能导致神经细胞肿胀和坏死。Dex可通过Nrf2信号通路减轻创伤性脑损伤后神经炎症,显着下调炎症反应因子TNF-α,IL-1β和NF-κB以及IL-6[19]。纳布啡用于老年胸科手术中可使患者血清中TNF-α和IL-6浓度降低[20]。笔者发现与D组相比,DN组在相同时刻IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α浓度较低,与同组术前比较,DN组IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α浓度上升较D组小。
术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是指术后出现的人格、社交能力及认知能力和技巧的变化,表现为精神错乱、焦虑、人格的改变以及记忆受损等[21-22]。研究发现,在老年髋关节手术中,右美托咪定镇静的患者术后谵妄和术后认知功能障碍的发生率都较丙泊酚更低较低,出院时间更短[23]。笔者发现,两组在术后24 h内MMSE评分均较术前降低,但联合用药较单用Dex MMSE评分较高,术后认知功能恢复较快。说明联合用药更有利于患者术后认知功能恢复。
联合用药可降低患者血清中TNF-α,IL-6和IL-10水平,减轻患者全身炎症反应。研究发现,目前认为术后认知功能障碍可能的机制与炎症密切相关,炎性因子以直接通过血脑屏障破坏或激活多种信号通路等方式引发中枢系统炎症[24]。炎症因子直接或间接影响方患者的认知功能,引发POCD[25]。所以,笔者认为患者MMSE评分差异与联合应用右Dex及纳布啡降低患者全身炎症反应有关。
综上所述,在脑膜瘤术中,联合应有Dex和纳布啡较单独应用Dex可降低患者全身炎症反应,更有利于维持术中术后生命体征平稳,患者术后苏醒更快,住院时间更短,是更有利的麻醉用药方式。
-
表 1 两组术中HR、MAP和住院时间比较(
$\bar x \pm s$ )Table 1. Comparison of intraoperative HR,MAP and hospitalization time between the two groups (
$\bar x \pm s$ )组别 观察指标 术前 插管时 切皮时 拔管时 DN组 HR (次/min) 82.23 ± 4.85 77.03 ± 7.99# 77.73 ± 7.58# 81.03 ± 5.91* MAP (mmHg) 82.4 ± 4.35 74.77 ± 3.98# 77.70 ± 3.46# 82.50 ± 4.54* D组 HR (次/min) 82.43 ± 4.57 78.97 ± 6.81 78.83 ± 7.95# 87.23 ± 7.66# MAP (mmHg) 81.83 ± 4.28 74.93 ± 4.71# 77.93 ± 4.43# 85.30 ± 5.23# 与D组比较,*P < 0.05;与同组术前比较,#P < 0.05; 表 2 两组相同时间点炎症因子水平比较[(
$ {\bar{{x}}} \pm s$ ),pg/mL]Table 2. Comparison of inflammatory factor levels between the two groups at the same time point [(
$ {\bar{{x}}} \pm s$ ),pg/mL]组别 术前 2 h 6 h 24 h IL-6 IL-10 TNF-α IL-6 IL-10 TNF-α IL-6 IL-10 TNF-α IL-6 IL-10 TNF-α DN组 1.85±0.28 1.74±0.16 0.40±0.20 10.04±1.84*# 24.12±1.41*# 0.16±0.11*# 25.76±1.25*# 2.55±0.85*# 0.27±0.07*# 22.30±5.48*# 2.43±0.36*# 0.39±0.09* D组 1.94±0.38 1.75±0.15 0.38±0.17 18.26±2.34# 38.01±1.97# 0.60±0.08# 35.72±6.10# 11.59±1.34# 0.71±0.12# 49.58±5.51# 5.41±0.34# 0.79±0.11# 与D组比较,*P < 0.05;与同组术前比较,#P < 0.05。 表 3 两组术后认知功能MMSE评分比较[(
${\bar{{x}}}\pm s$ ),分]Table 3. Comparison of MMSE scores of postoperative cognitive function between the two groups [(
${\bar{{x}}}\pm s$ ),scores]组别 术前 术后6 h 术后24 h 术后3 d 术后6 d DN组 27.37 ± 1.73 25.93 ± 2.18*# 26.33 ± 2.37* 26.77 ± 1.52 26.97 ± 1.71 D组 26.5 ± 1.93 24.80 ± 1.67# 25.10 ± 1.81# 27.33 ± 2.09 27.10 ± 1.79 与D组比较,*P < 0.05;与同组术前比较,#P < 0.05。 -
[1] Turner C P,Van D W B,Law A J J,et al. The epidemiology of patients undergoing meningioma resection in Auckland,New Zealand,2002 to 2011[J]. J Clin Neurosci,2020,80:324-330. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.06.011 [2] Matas M,Sotosek V,Kozmar A,et al. Effect of local anesthesia with lidocaine on perioperative proinflammatory cytokine levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral aneurysm patients:Study protocol for a randomized clinical trial[J]. Medicine(Baltimore),2019,98(42):e17450. [3] Yu X,Chi X,Wu S,et al. Dexmedetomidine pretreatment attenuates kidney injury and oxidative stress during orthotopic autologous liver transplantation in rats[J]. Oxid Med Cell Longev,2016,2016:1-10. [4] Weerink M A S,Struys M M R F,Hannivoort L N,et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine[J]. Clin Pharmacokinet,2017,56(8):893-913. doi: 10.1007/s40262-017-0507-7 [5] Peng K,Chen W R,Xia F,et al. Dexmedetomidine post-treatment attenuates cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting apoptosis through HIF-1α signalling[J]. J Cell Mol Med,2020,24(1):850-861. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.14795 [6] Kim H,Min K T,Lee J R,et al. Comparison of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil on airway reflex and hemodynamic changes during recovery after craniotomy[J]. Yonsei Med J,2016,57(4):980-986. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.4.980 [7] Liu Y J,Wang D Y,Yang Y J,et al. Effects and mechanism of dexmedetomidine on neuronal cell injury induced by hypoxia-ischemia[J]. BMC Anesthesiol,2017,17(1):117. doi: 10.1186/s12871-017-0413-4 [8] Zhang J R,Lin Q,Liang F Q,et al. Dexmedetomidine attenuates lung injury by promoting mitochondrial fission and oxygen consumption[J]. Med Sci Monit,2019,25:1848-1856. doi: 10.12659/MSM.913239 [9] Zhang Y,Jiang Q,Li T. Nalbuphine analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects on patients undergoing thoracoscopic lobectomy during the perioperative period[J]. Exp Ther Med,2017,14(4):3117-3121. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4920 [10] 李爱梅,石翊飒,高瑞萍,等. 不同剂量右美托咪定对脑膜瘤切除术患者术后认知功能的影响[J]. 临床麻醉学杂志,2013,29(07):665-668. [11] Viswanathan A,Demonte F. Chapter 42. Tumors of the meninges[J]. Handbook of Clinical Neurology,2012,105:641-656. [12] Zhai Y,Zhu Y,Liu J,et al. Dexmedetomidine post-Conditioning alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by inhibiting high mobility group protein B1 group(HMGB1)/Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)signaling pathway[J]. Med Sci Monit,2020,26:e918617. [13] Bao N,Tang B. Organ-protective effects and the underlying mechanism of dexmedetomidine[J]. Mediators Inflamm,2020,2020:6136105. [14] Cai Y,Xu H,Yan J,et al. Molecular targets and mechanism of action of dexmedetomidine in treatment of ischemia/reperfusion injury[J]. Molecular Medicine Reports,2014,9(5):1542-1550. [15] 丁亚平,魏万鹏,和建杰. 吗啡与纳布啡对剖宫产产妇术后相关指标的影响比较[J]. 中国药房,2017,28(21):2936-2939. [16] Verchere E,Grenier B,Mesli A,et al. Postoperative pain management after supratentorial craniotomy[J]. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology,2002,14(2):96-101. doi: 10.1097/00008506-200204000-00002 [17] Zihl J,Almeida O F. Neuropsychology of neuroendocrine dysregulation after traumatic brain injury[J]. Journal of Clinical Medicine,2015,4(5):1051-1062. doi: 10.3390/jcm4051051 [18] Kumar R G,Diamond M L,Boles J A,et al. Acute CSF interleukin-6 trajectories after TBI:associations with neuroinflammation,polytrauma,and outcome[J]. Brain,Behavior,and Immunity,2015,45:253-262. [19] Li F,Wang X,Zhang Z,et al. Dexmedetomidine attenuates neuroinflammatory-induced apoptosis after traumatic brain injury via Nrf2 signaling pathway[J]. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology,2019,6(9):1825-1835. doi: 10.1002/acn3.50878 [20] 段凤梅,孙旭颖,许乃欣,等. 纳布啡超前镇痛对老年开胸手术患者围术期炎性细胞因子的影响[J]. 实用医学杂志,2016,32(14):2259-2261. [21] Liu X,Yu Y,Zhu S. Inflammatory markers in postoperative delirium(POD)and cognitive dysfunction(POCD):a meta-analysis of observational studies[J]. PLoS One,2018,13(4):e0195659. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195659 [22] Safaynia S A,Goldstein P A. The Role of neuroinflammation in postoperative cognitive dysfunction:moving from hypothesis to treatment[J]. Front Psychiatry,2019,9:752. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00752 [23] Mei B,Meng G,Xu G,et al. Intraoperative sedation with dexmedetomidine is superior to propofol for elderly patients undergoing hip arthroplasty:a prospective randomized controlled study[J]. The Clinical Journal of Pain,2018,34(9):811-817. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000605 [24] Chen N,Chen X,Xie J,et al. Dexmedetomidine protects aged rats from postoperative cognitive dysfunction by alleviating hippocampal inflammation[J]. Molecular Medicine Reports,2019,20(3):2119-2126. [25] 戴瑜彤,吴昊,陈颖,等. 术后认知功能障碍与中枢炎症之间的可能联系[J]. 国际麻醉学与复苏杂志,2020,41(2):196-199. 期刊类型引用(4)
1. 张雪岩,孙淑娜,钟华. 铒激光与强脉冲光治疗面部脂溢性角化病的疗效观察. 实用医药杂志. 2020(04): 294-296 . 百度学术
2. 李晓辉,翁智胜,彭洁雯,易江华,廖梦怡,辛甜甜,熊中堂,谈桂其. 脂溢性角化病108例临床、病理及误诊分析. 临床误诊误治. 2020(08): 27-30 . 百度学术
3. 李杨,王宇令,余江,宋起滨. 真皮浅层切除术及病理活检在脂溢性角化病诊治中的应用. 中国美容整形外科杂志. 2018(03): 161-164 . 百度学术
4. 王怀湘,李建明. 两种高能量超脉冲CO_2点阵激光模式治疗脂溢性角化病的疗效比较与分析. 激光生物学报. 2018(04): 345-348+337 . 百度学术
其他类型引用(3)
-