The Expression and Significance of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor-5A2 in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
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摘要:
目的 研究真核翻译起始因子-5A2(eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2,eIF5A2)在肝内胆管癌中的表达及与神经侵犯和周围脂肪组织浸润的相关性。 方法 收集昆明医科大学第二附属医院肝胆胰外科2013年10月至2020年10月156例肝内胆管癌患者术后石蜡切块,收集同期30例肝血管瘤患者部分肝切除的正常肝组织作为对照组,采用免疫组化的方法检测eIF5A2的表达水平,并收集病理资料,分析eIF5A2与神经侵犯和周围脂肪组织浸润的相关性。 结果 156例肝内胆管癌组织切片中eIF5A2高表达95例(60.9%),其在正常肝组织胆管上皮高表达率为13.3%,eIF5A2的表达与神经侵犯和周围脂肪组织浸润显著相关(P < 0.05)。 结论 eIF5A2在肝内胆管癌中高表达,与神经侵犯和周围脂肪组织浸润显著相关。 -
关键词:
- 肝内胆管癌 /
- 真核翻译起始因子-5A2 /
- 免疫组织化学染色
Abstract:Objective To study the expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2 (eIF5A2) in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and its correlation with nerve invasion and peripheral adipose tissue infiltration. Methods Paraffin sections from 156 patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were collected from October 2013 to October 2020 in the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, and the normal liver tissues from 30 cases of hepatic hemangioma undergoing partial hepatectomy were collected during the same period. In the control group, the immunohistochemical methods were used to detect the expression level of eIF5A2, and pathological data were collected to analyze the correlation between eIF5A2 and nerve invasion and peripheral adipose tissue infiltration. Results In 156 cases of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue sections, 95 cases (60.9%) had high expression of eIF5A2. The high expression rate of eIF5A2 in normal liver tissue bile duct epithelium was 13.3%. The expression of eIF5A2 was significantly related to nerve invasion and peripheral adipose tissue infiltration (P < 0.05). Conclusion eIF5A2 is highly expressed in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and is significantly related to nerve invasion and surrounding adipose tissue infiltration. -
肝内胆管癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)主要指起源于肝内二级及以上胆管上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤,具有起病隐匿、高侵袭转移的特点,中位生存期27个月,5 a生存率31%[1],目前病因不明确,可能与肝内胆管结石、原发性硬化性胆管炎、胆管内寄生虫或接触胆管造影剂有关。真核翻译起始因子-5A2(eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2,eIF5A2)位于人染色体3q26.2,分子量约17kD,是2001年关新元等鉴定和克隆的一个新致癌基因[2],可通过多种方式(包括诱导上皮-间质转化,细胞骨架重排,血管生成和代谢重编程)引发肿瘤形成、促进癌细胞增殖、侵袭转移并提高肿瘤的耐药性[3]。目前研究显示,eIF5A2在消化道肿瘤(如结直肠癌[4]、肝癌[5-6]、胰腺癌[7-8]、胃癌[9])中高表达,与临床分期及预后密切相关,但eIF5A2在肝内胆管癌中的研究中鲜有报道。本研究收集156例肝内胆管癌患者的石蜡切块,采用免疫组化方法检测了eIF5A2的表达情况,探讨eIF5A2与肝内胆管癌神经侵犯和周围脂肪组织浸润的相关性。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 病例选取
收集昆明医科大学第二附属医院肝胆胰外科2013年10月至2020年10月行肝内胆管癌根治术患者156例,年龄(35~73)岁,平均年龄54.8岁,其中男89例,女67例,术后标本经昆明医科大学第二附属医院病理科两名中级职称病理医师确诊为肝内胆管细胞癌;收集同期30例肝血管瘤行部分肝切除的正常肝组织作为对照组,年龄(28~65)岁,平均年龄47.6岁,其中男14例,女16例。
1.2 组织切片及免疫组化染色
使用切片机以4 µm的厚度对蜡块组织进行连续切片,取2张连续的组织切片进行HE染色及免疫组化染色。切片后烤片机65 ℃烤片35 min,将组织切片浸泡在二甲苯溶液中20 min,重复进行1次,梯度酒精清洗二甲苯及进行组织水化,将组织切片放入含EDTA(1∶50)的高压锅中进行抗原修复,煮沸5 min后静置至锅内无水蒸气,PBS溶液冲洗5遍,组织切片内滴加1∶150兔抗人eIF5A2单克隆抗体(购于Abcam公司),置入37 ℃恒温箱孵育1 h,PBS溶液冲洗5遍,组织切片内滴加羊抗兔二抗,置入37 ℃恒温箱0.5 h,PBS溶液冲洗5遍,进行DAB显色,显微镜下观察,显色后蒸馏水冲洗终止反应,苏木素进行复染,中性树胶封片。
1.3 结果判读
eIF5A2的表达情况由两名中级职称病理医师采用半定量计分法进行分析,包括染色强度和染色面积,估计每个视野下的片子染色强度,基本无染色强度计0分(-),淡黄色计1分(+),浅棕色计2分(++),深棕色计3分(+++);其中每一个视野染色阳性区域面积占整个视野面积的0%-25%计1分,26%~50%计2分,51%~75%计3分,> 76%计4分;将阳性区域占比得分与染色强度得分相乘,最终结果≥4分为染色阳性,即eIF5A2蛋白高(过)表达,< 4分(0~3分)为染色阴性,即eIF5A2蛋白低表达。
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS19.0统计软件,计数资料用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2检验,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1 eIF5A2在肝内胆管癌中的表达情况
eIF5A2在肝内胆管癌肿瘤组织的阳性染色位于肿瘤细胞的细胞质及细胞核中(图1),156例肝内胆管癌eIF5A2高表达95例(60.9%),eIF5A2在正常肝组织胆管上皮高表达率为13.3%(4例),主要在细胞质中表达(图2),肝内胆管癌肿瘤组织中eIF5A2的表达明显高于正常肝组织(P < 0.001),见表1。
表 1 eIF5A2在肝内胆管癌组织与正常肝组织表达的比较[n(%)]Table 1. Comparison of eIF5A2 expression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissues and normal liver tissues [n(%)]项目 n eIF5A2
高表达eIF5A2
低表达χ2 P 肝内胆管癌 156 95(60.9) 61(39.1) 22.865 < 0.001 正常肝组织 30 4(13.3) 26(86.7) 2.2 肝内胆管癌高表达eIF5A2与神经侵犯、周围脂肪组织浸润的关系
肝内胆管癌高表达eIF5A2的95例中,55.8%(53例)出现神经侵犯,低表达eIF5A2时36.1%神经侵犯,高表达eIF5A2与肝内胆管癌神经侵犯呈正相关(P = 0.016)。肝内胆管癌高表达eIF5A2的95例中,31.6%(30例)见周围脂肪组织浸润,低表达eIF5A2时14.8%(9例)出现周围脂肪组织浸润,高表达eIF5A2与肝内胆管癌周围脂肪组织浸润呈正相关(P = 0.018),见表2。
表 2 eIF5A2的表达与神经侵犯、周围脂肪组织浸润的相关性比较[n(%)]Table 2. Correlation between the expression of eIF5A2 and nerve invasion and peripheral adipose tissue infiltration [n(%)]项目 n(例) 神经侵犯n(%) 周围脂肪组织浸润n(%) eIF5A2高表达 95 53(55.8)* 30(31.6)* eIF5A2低表达 61 22(36.1) 9(14.8) χ2 5.789 5.608 P 0.016 0.018 与eIF5A2低表达组相比,*P < 0.05。 3. 讨论
肝内胆管癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)近年来的发病率呈上升趋势[10],其起病隐匿,可出现上腹部隐痛、体重减轻,但无特异性的临床表现,同时肝内胆管癌有高侵袭转移的生物学特性,这些特性导致其预后差;研究报道ICC中位生存期27个月,5 a生存率31%[1]。目前认为肝内胆管癌起源于肝内二级及以上胆管上皮细胞,癌细胞呈长柱状或低立方形,核呈圆形或椭圆形,多排列成腺腔,类似胆管,腺腔含黏液但无胆汁分泌,癌细胞内不含胆色素[11]。真核翻译起始因子-5A2(eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2,eIF5A2)是由153个氨基酸残基组成的酸性蛋白,除大脑和睾丸组织外,其他正常组织中不表达或很少表达,在多种上皮源性肿瘤及消化道肿瘤中过表达,如前列腺癌[12]、食管鳞癌[13]、膀胱癌[14]、肝癌[5-6]、胰腺癌[7-8],eIF5A2在许多生物学过程中起着调节分子的重要作用,包括肿瘤形成、癌细胞生长转移、细胞骨架重排、血管生成以及促进化疗耐药性。
本研究结果显示,eIF5A2在肝内胆管癌高表达,与神经侵犯和周围脂肪组织浸润密切相关,已有多项研究报道eIF5A2的表达与TNM分期、淋巴结转移密切相关,可作为肿瘤预后的生物标志物[15],韦颍昕等[16]在胰腺癌研究发现eIF5A2的表达与TNM分期显著相关,高表达组的总生存时间显著降低;孟庆彬等[17]和Marchet等[18]在胃癌的研究中发现eIF5A2在胃癌中高表达与淋巴转移、脉管侵犯密切相关,是影响总生存时间的独立危险因素;eIF5A2的过度表达也与结直肠癌的淋巴、血管浸润显著相关[19],这些研究结果表明eIF5A2与肿瘤的转移关系密切;但eIF5A2在促进肿瘤形成、生长及侵袭转移的具体分子机制及上下游调控关系不清,Tang等[5]在肝细胞癌的研究中发现eIF5A2增强了癌细胞的运动及侵袭性,小鼠动物模型中观察到肝癌肿瘤组织边缘eIF5A2的表达水平更高,边缘高表达eIF5A2的癌细胞侵入周围的正常组织,并增加了肿瘤转移的数量;对eIF5A2生物学作用研究发现,其能够诱导上皮-间质转化(EMT),使E-钙粘蛋白、β-连环蛋白的表达下调和纤连蛋白、N-钙粘蛋白、α-SMA及波形蛋白上调,可激活RhoA/Rac1信号通路,诱导形成应力纤维及细胞骨架重排,促进肝细胞癌侵袭和转移;Liu等[20]研究显示eIF5A2可能影响活性氧相关基因(如SOD1、SOD2、NOS3)表达调控肝细胞癌的EMT。Fujimura等[21]发现eIF5A2参与了胰腺导管腺癌的发生发展,其作为KRas突变的下游发挥生物学作用,并促进PANC1和779E细胞中PEAK1蛋白的表达,PEAK1蛋白可调节Src激酶活性,是一种对胰腺导管腺癌发展至关重要的非受体酪氨酸激酶,研究结果发现KRas/eIF5A2/PEAK1是胰腺导管腺癌发生发展的重要信号通路,eIF5A2发挥了重要的桥梁作用,可能成为胰腺导管腺癌的治疗靶点;此外还发现eIF5A2在人结肠腺癌细胞(SW1116)中的过表达增强了c-myc在转移相关蛋白1(MTA1)启动子的富集,使MTA1表达增加进而促进转移[22];食管鳞状细胞癌(ESCC)的研究发现eIF5A2和HIF1-α间呈双向调节[23],缺氧应激可诱导eIF5A2蛋白出现细胞质-细胞核易位,细胞核中的eIF5A2通过结合HIF1-α的启动子区域来促进HIF1-α的转录,再通过HIF1-α介导的信号通路使肿瘤细胞发生转移并出现血管形成。消化系统及上皮源性肿瘤中eIF5A2高表达,在肿瘤转移、血管形成过程中发挥了重要作用,但其在肝内胆管癌中机制不清,笔者进一步研究其在ICC中的生物学作用及分子机制。
eIF5A2基因在肿瘤细胞中的调控机制十分复杂,Tang等[5]在肝细胞癌的研究中发现eIF5A2蛋白表达增加,使用半定量基因组聚合酶链反应时,HCC部分样本中没有检测到显著的eIF5A2拷贝数变化;Luo等[24]在膀胱癌的组织样本中也发现eIF5A2高表达,但部分没有观察到eIF5A2基因的扩增,提示eIF5A2可能受转录调节或转录后调节,翻译的效率可能主要影响eIF5A2蛋白的表达水平,eIF5A2的3′ -UTRs可能导致其在不同细胞中蛋白质表达的差异;近来研究报到microRNA参与了eIF5A2基因转录水平的调节,Dong等[25]在肾癌的研究中发现,microRNA-588在肾癌组织和细胞系中低表达,microRNA-588的表达量与eIF5A2蛋白水平呈负相关,其通过影响eIF5A2蛋白的表达量,影响肾癌细胞(769-P、786-O)的EMT。长链非编码RNA也可调控eIF5A2蛋白表达水平,结直肠癌的研究中通过双荧光素酶报告基因和下拉实验发现,LncRNA FTX与microR-192-5P直接结合且呈负调节,microR-192-5P直接靶向eIF5A2,在SW480和LoVo细胞中的miR192-5p与eIF5A2的表达呈负性相关,LncRNA FTX/miR-192-5p/eIF5A2轴参与了结直肠癌细胞增殖、凋亡、迁移和侵袭[26];研究表明circRNAs也可调控eIF5A2的表达[27],在肝细胞癌组织和耐药的HCC细胞系中Circ-0003998和eIF5A2升高,而microR-218-5P降低,Circ-0003998作为microR-218-5P的竞争性内源性RNA来调节eIF5A2的表达。
综上,本研究结果显示eIF5A2在肝内胆管癌组织中高表达,与神经侵犯和周围脂肪组织浸润的相关性显著相关,其生物学作用及具体分子机制还需进一步研究,eIF5A2可能成为肝内胆管癌治疗的新靶点。
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表 1 eIF5A2在肝内胆管癌组织与正常肝组织表达的比较[n(%)]
Table 1. Comparison of eIF5A2 expression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissues and normal liver tissues [n(%)]
项目 n eIF5A2
高表达eIF5A2
低表达χ2 P 肝内胆管癌 156 95(60.9) 61(39.1) 22.865 < 0.001 正常肝组织 30 4(13.3) 26(86.7) 表 2 eIF5A2的表达与神经侵犯、周围脂肪组织浸润的相关性比较[n(%)]
Table 2. Correlation between the expression of eIF5A2 and nerve invasion and peripheral adipose tissue infiltration [n(%)]
项目 n(例) 神经侵犯n(%) 周围脂肪组织浸润n(%) eIF5A2高表达 95 53(55.8)* 30(31.6)* eIF5A2低表达 61 22(36.1) 9(14.8) χ2 5.789 5.608 P 0.016 0.018 与eIF5A2低表达组相比,*P < 0.05。 -
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