The Clinical Study on the Effects of Sedation,Analgesia and Slow Induction of Endotracheal Intubation on Hemodynamics,Reduction of Postoperative Adverse Memory and Psycho-psychological Effects in Patients with General Anesthesia
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摘要:
目的 探讨镇静镇痛慢诱导气管插管技术对减轻血流动力学波动,减少清醒气管插管对手术患者产生术后不良记忆、负面情绪、心理或精神影响。 方法 选取昆明市第二人民医院2017年6月至2020年10月所收治的全身麻醉气管插管下非仰卧位手术患者116例,采用随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组,每组各58例,对照组患者给予常规快速诱导全麻气管插管,由医护人员完成体位摆放;研究组患者给予充分镇静、镇痛、气管表面麻醉慢诱导并保留自主呼吸行气管插管,医护人员在患者自主配合下完成体位摆放后进行全身麻醉。对比2组患者血流动力学指标、术后记忆情况及心理状态评估。 结果 2组T1时间点组间收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)血流动力学稳定未见统计学差异(P > 0.05);T 2时间点组间收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)血流动力学稳定研究组优于对照组(P < 0.05)。2组T 3时间点收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)组间比较血流动力学稳定对照组优于研究组(P < 0.05),2组T 4时间点收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)组间比较血流动力学稳定研究组优于对照组(P < 0.05)。研究组给药开始至完成气管插管时间长于对照组( P < 0.05),2组手术结束至清醒拔除气管导管时间无明显统计学差异( P > 0.05)。2组患者术后1 d对进入手术室后记忆、心理状态测评组间及组内比较均未见明显统计学差异( P > 0.05)。 结论 全麻手术患者采用镇静、镇痛慢诱导气管插管技术不会增加患者产生术后不良记忆、负面情绪、心理或精神影响的概率。慢诱导临床操作时间稍长于快诱导,但不会引起苏醒延迟及拔管延迟,虽然插管时造成一定程度的血流动力学变化,但影响轻微,拔管时可减少拔管刺激引起的不良反应,对血流动力学影响优于快诱导气管插管。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects of sedation and analgesia induced tracheal intubation on reducing hemodynamic fluctuation and conscious tracheal intubation on postoperative adverse memory, negative emotion, psychological or mental effects. Methods 116 patients who were treated in our hospital from June 2017 to October 2020 were divided into the study group and the control group, with 58 cases in each group. The control group was given routine rapid induction of general anesthesia rapid induction of general anesthesia tracheal intubation, the medical staff completed posture placement, the study group was given sedation, analgesia, tracheal surface anesthesia slowly induced to lethargy and retained spontaneous breathing tracheal intubation. The hemodynamic indexes, postoperative memory and psychological status of the two groups were compared. Results There was no significant difference in the hemodynamic stability between the two groups T1 time points (P > 0.05); the systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR) hemodynamic stability of the study group was better than those of the control group ( P < 0.05). Of the two groups, the T3 time point systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR) of the study group were better than those of the control group (0.05), the systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) of the study group were better than those of the control group ( P < 0.05). From the beginning of administration to the completion of tracheal intubation in the study group ( P < 0.05), At the end of operation, there was no significant difference between the two groups ( P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in memory and mental state between the two groups 1 d after operation ( P > 0.05). Conclusion Sedation, analgesia and slow induction of tracheal intubation in patients undergoing general anesthesia will not increase the probability of postoperative adverse memory, negative emotional, psychological or mental effects. The clinical operation time of slow induction is slightly longer than that of fast induction, but it will not cause the delay of awakening and extubation. Although the hemodynamic changes are caused by intubation, the effect is slight. Extubation can reduce the adverse reactions caused by extubation stimulation, and the hemodynamic effect is better than that of fast induced tracheal intubation. -
Key words:
- Sedation /
- Analgesia /
- Slow induction /
- Tracheal intubation /
- General anesthesia /
- Hemodynamics /
- Mental state /
- Bad memory
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第5跖骨近端骨折在临床上是足部最常见的损伤,占足部骨折的61%~78%[1]。其治疗主要取决于骨折的解剖位置,而对于第5跖骨近端的分类主要包括Stewart及Lawrence and Botte分类,前者将其分为粗隆骨折与琼斯骨折,而后者主要将第5跖骨近端骨折分为三区[2],2种分类中琼斯骨折与二区、三区骨折重叠[3],但二区骨折通常指的就是琼斯骨折。粗隆部骨折松质结节有丰富的血液供应,非手术治疗可取得良好愈合,但相对无血管的琼斯骨折最好的治疗方式是手术固定[4]。累及二区且有移位的,以及运动员或需求高的非移位骨折患者,手术目的是减少愈合时间和加速康复,三区骨折最好选择手术治疗,因为这些骨折容易发生延迟愈合和骨不连。而对于二、三区的内固定选择,有关文献证实了髓内钉是首选之一[5-6]。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2021年1月至2022年3月在云南中医药大学第一附属医院骨科就诊行足部正斜位片的患者,且选择既往无手术或第5跖骨损伤,无足部骨折、脱位或畸形的患者,拍摄的120例患者中男60例、女60例符合纳入标准[7]。本研究已通过医院伦理委员会审批。
1.2 测量方法
选择标准足部正斜位作为测量图像,见图1(正位)中第5跖骨髓腔直径内侧线以第5跖骨基底部与骰骨组成的跖跗关节缘尖端为起点,做一条至第5跖骨干内侧髓腔皮质弯曲部的直线A,再从第5跖骨干外侧髓腔皮质弯曲点为起点,引出一条平行A至第5跖骨基底部的直线B,测量2条直线间的垂直距离作为第5跖骨髓腔直径(a)。在正位片上从第5跖骨干弯曲点外侧皮质做一平行于B至第5跖骨基底部的直线C,此条长度为髓内钉长度(c)。再从第5跖骨基底部外侧做一条平行于c至第5跖骨头关节面的直线D,此长度为第5跖骨长度(d)。图2(斜位)中第5跖骨髓腔直径内侧线以5跖骨基底部内侧尖端为起点,同图1做两平行线E、F,测量2条直线间的垂直距离为斜位髓腔直径(b),上述具体字母标识见图1、图2。
1.3 统计学处理
采用SPSS26.0统计学软件包进行统计学分析,正态分布计量资料采用均数据±标准差、平均值、中位数、最大值、最小值、标准差表示,正态分布计量资料2组组间比较采用两独立样本t检验,相关性分析采用Pearson相关性分析,P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1 数据统计描述
正位上髓腔直径(a)平均值为4.15 mm,范围(2.24~5.64 mm),斜位上第5跖骨髓腔直径(b)平均值为4.31 mm,范围(3.18~5.81 mm),髓内钉长度(c)平均值为39.74 mm,范围(28.07~53.46 mm),第5跖骨长度(d)平均值71.64 mm,范围(59.73~85.44 mm),髓内钉长度与第5跖骨长度比值(e)平均值为55.48%,范围(41.12%~68.05%),见表1。
表 1 基础数据描述Table 1. Description of basic data指标 平均值 中位数 最大值 最小值 标准差 年龄 43.79 40.00 79 19 16.40 a(mm) 4.15 4.10 5.64 2.24 0.58 b(mm) 4.31 4.26 5.81 3.18 0.69 c(mm) 39.74 39.58 53.46 28.07 4.80 d(mm) 71.64 71.42 85.44 59.73 5.78 e(%) 55.48 55.07 68.05 41.12 5.10 a:正位第5跖骨髓腔直径;b:斜位第5跖骨髓腔直径;c:髓内钉长度;d:第5跖骨长度;e:髓内钉长度与第5跖骨长度比值。 2.2 指标与性别的差异
经t检验证实男性与女性年龄差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),男性和女性正斜位髓腔直径、第5跖骨长度、髓内钉长度,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),髓内钉长度与第5跖骨长度比值(e),差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。Pearson相关性分析:男性和女性d与e均无相关性(P > 0.05),见表2、表3。
表 2 男性和女性各资料比较($ \bar x \pm s $ )Table 2. Comparison of male and female data ($ \bar x \pm s $ )指标 男性组 女性组 t P 年龄 46.03 ± 17.92 41.55 ± 14.53 1.505 0.135 a(mm) 4.31 ± 0.56 3.99 ± 0.56 3.082 0.003* b(mm) 4.46 ± 0.64 4.17 ± 0.50 2.717 0.008 c(mm) 41.25 ± 4.64 38.23 ± 4.51 3.609 < 0.001* d(mm) 75.04 ± 4.68 68.23 ± 4.68 7.977 < 0.001* e(%) 54.95 ± 4.99 56.01 ± 5.30 −1.139 0.257 a:正位第5跖骨髓腔直径;b:斜位第5跖骨髓腔直径;c:髓内钉长度;d:第5跖骨长度;e:髓内钉长度与第5跖骨长度比值。*P < 0.05。 表 3 男性和女性d与e相关性分析Table 3. Correlation analysis of d and e between men and women性别 r P 男 0.03 0.799 女 0.05 0.694 3. 讨论
足外侧纵弓和横弓,是第5跖骨近端的重要组成部分,在足部生物力学中有重要作用,如足部力量的传导,及负重[8],而且腓骨短肌止点位于第5跖骨粗隆部,当足部重复性应力及外伤时容易造成骨折,若骨折累计二区、三区,因影响血液供应,容易造成骨折不愈合或延迟愈合[9]。因此选择良好内固定物与术式,对骨折愈合有巨大作用。Ryan等[10]在一项研究琼斯骨折外科技术中提到髓内螺钉固定仍是治疗选择的金标准,但有关金标准的提法并未取得共识。而且髓内螺钉固定也存在骨不连、再骨折等风险[11]。也有其更好的作用,经皮髓内螺钉对跖骨血供破坏较少,利于跖骨骨折愈合,而且切口在跖骨近端粗隆部,减少皮肤坏死等并发症,植入扩髓的腔隙增加了其稳定性,防止内固定的松动[12]。
此次研究根据120例患者的X片检测确定了第5跖骨的简要解剖结构,在笔者的研究人群中,第5跖骨的平均长度为71.64 mm,髓内钉长度的平均值为39.74 mm,髓内钉长度约占第5跖骨总长度的55.48%。髓腔平均值大小在正位上比斜位要小。Ochenjele等[7]在CT测量研究中发现40 mm螺钉长度已接近第5跖骨弯曲处,而在本次X片测量中髓内钉平均长度为39.74 mm,与本文献相映。因此在临床置钉中应该注意髓内钉的长度,钉道长度应该小于跖骨长度的55.48%,从而避免致内外侧皮质骨折。但是为了让骨折有良好的固定及稳定性,可以考虑选择更大的髓内钉直径。
不足之处在于利用X线拍摄足部正斜位片,只能得到部分信息,若考虑存在跖跗关节损伤时,需拍摄跖跗关节正斜位[13]。本研究样本量相对较少,可能数据存在偏倚,且髓腔大小随着跖骨解剖而变化,利用计算机断层扫描和尸体标本测量髓腔大小可能会更接近真实值,尽管对大量就诊患者第5跖骨的解剖进行了详细的研究和分析,但每个患者都是独立个体,髓内钉的直径及长度应据个体的术前影像学检查确定[14]。另外所有测量的起点都在第5跖骨基底部尖端进行的,可能不能提供一致的髓内钉轨迹。而且这是一项放射学研究,测量结果需大量的临床实践进行验证,才能确定髓内钉的良好固定、稳定性,及减少并发症。总之,此研究结果有助于指导临床髓内钉直径和长度的选择。
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表 1 2组血流动力学指标对比( $\bar x \pm s$)
Table 1. Comparison of hemodynamic indexes between the two groups ( $\bar x \pm s$)
指标 组别 时间点 F,P T1 T2 T3 T4 SBP
(mmHg)对照组 138.19 ± 7.32 101.72 ± 6.51 103.38 ± 7.84 139.21 ± 5.75 531.30, < 0.001 研究组 138.64 ± 7.81 127.41 ± 6.33 137.73 ± 8.62 126.51 ± 6.17 45.950, < 0.001 t/P 0.320/0.749 21.547/ < 0.001 22.451/ < 0.001 11.468/ < 0.001 DBP
(mmHg)对照组 60.19 ± 6.36 49.43 ± 5.82 50.25 ± 7.13 67.57 ± 6.48 103.955, < 0.001 研究组 60.43 ± 6.10 55.13 ± 5.65 62.31 ± 7.53 60.33 ± 5.14 14.495, < 0.001 t/P 0.207/0.836 5.352/ < 0.001 8.857/ < 0.001 6.666/ < 0.001 HR
(次/min)对照组 81.35 ± 6.73 91.54 ± 6.25 95.58 ± 6.33 103.29 ± 7.46 107.525, < 0.001 研究组 80.58 ± 6.17 77.63 ± 6.82 102.18 ± 7.97 90.20 ± 6.75 146.952, < 0.001 t/P 0.642,0.522 11.452, < 0.001 4.939, < 0.001 9.909, < 0.001 注:收缩压(SBP):F组别 = 15.672,P组别 < 0.001; F时间 = 465.584,P时间 < 0.001; F组别*时间 = 7.256,P组别*时间 < 0.001;舒张压(DBP): F组别 = 7.956,P组别 = 0.006;F时间 = 84.157,P时间 < 0.001; F组别*时间 = 3.586,P组别*时间 = 0.014;心率(HR):F组别 = 10.268,P组别 = 0.002;F时间 = 132.594,P时间 < 0.001; F组别*时间 = 9.536,P组别*时间 < 0.001。 表 2 2组临床用时指标对比[( $\bar x \pm s$),min]
Table 2. Comparison of clinical time record indexes between two groups [( $\bar x \pm s$),min]
组别 插管时间 拔管时间 对照组(n = 58) 9.75 ± 2.14 11.58 ± 2.52 研究组(n = 58) 14.32 ± 3.63 11.08 ± 2.14 t 8.259 1.152 P < 0.001 * 0.252 *P < 0.05。 表 3 2组麻醉过程中记忆得分对比[( $\bar x \pm s$),分]
Table 3. Memory of anaesthesia treatment score between the two groups [( $\bar x \pm s$),scores]
组别 插管中记忆评分 操作时间位点评分 韦氏量表评分 总分 对照组(n = 58) 0.00 1.94 ± 0.02 2.13 ± 0.07 4.08 ± 0.15 研究组(n = 58) 0.00 1.95 ± 0.05 2.15 ± 0.08 4.11 ± 0.18 t - 1.414 1.433 0.975 P - 0.160 0.155 0.332 表 4 2组焦虑评分对比[( $\bar x \pm s$),分]
Table 4. Comparison of anxiety between the two groups [( $\bar x \pm s$),scores]
组别 手术前HAMA评分 手术后1 d HAMA评分 t P 对照组(n = 58) 15.21 ± 2.14 9.63 ± 2.12 14.107 < 0.001 * 研究组(n = 58) 15.35 ± 3.63 9.58 ± 2.66 9.765 < 0.001 * t 0.253 0.112 P 0.801 0.911 *P < 0.05。 表 5 2组焦虑评分对比[( $\bar x \pm s$),分]
Table 5. Comparison of depression between the two groups [( $\bar x \pm s$),scores]
组别 手术前HAMD评分 手术后1 d HAMD评分 t P 对照组(n = 58) 5.41 ± 3.37 5.32 ± 2.74 0.158 0.875 研究组(n = 58) 5.87 ± 3.49 5.57 ± 2.29 0.547 0.585 t 0.722 0.533 P 0.472 0.595 -
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