The Research Progress on the Effect of Prostaglandin E2 on Bone Remodeling
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摘要: 脂质介质对炎症性骨疾病如类风湿性关节炎、骨关节炎、牙周炎等疾病具有重要影响作用。其中前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2),它是骨改建过程中最重要的脂质介质之一,其对成骨细胞和破骨细胞均发挥显著的调控作用,并参与多种炎症性骨疾病的发生发展。PGE2在骨改建中的多面性使得较难辨别其作用。因此,就近年来关于PGE2在骨改建及炎症性骨疾病中的作用作一综述。Abstract: Lipid mediators have an important effect on inflammatory bone diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, periodontitis, etc. Among them, PGE2, which is one of the most important lipid mediators in the process of bone remodeling, plays a significant regulatory role on both osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and participates in the occurrence and development of a variety of inflammatory bone diseases. PGE2 can mobilize cAMP and RANKL to promote osteoclast formation and increase bone resorption. Furthermore, interleukin (IL)-1- and IL-6-stimulated bone resorption involves PGE2 production. In addition to its bone-resorptive effffects, PGE2 promotes the bone formation in vitro by stimulating osteoblastic proliferation and difffferentiation. The multi-faceted nature of PGE2 makes it difficult to discern its role in bone remodeling. This article reviews the role of PGE2 in bone reconstruction in recent years.
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Key words:
- Prostaglandin E2 /
- Bone remodeling /
- Inflammatory bone disease /
- Osteoblast /
- Osteoclast
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结核病(tuberculosis,TB)是由结核分枝杆菌(mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)感染引起的慢性感染性疾病,最常受累呼吸道,引起肺结核。世界卫生组织 2023 年全球结核病报告统计:2022年全球新发结核病患者估算 1060 万,发病率133/10 万[1],我国人口基数众多,2022年估算结核病新发患者74.8 万,发病数居30个结核病高负担国家中的第 3 位,占全球发病数的 7.1%[2]。而新冠肺炎(COVID-19)是2019年起造成严重呼吸衰竭的重要原因,其免疫致病性与病毒毒力、先天性和适应性免疫反应间缺乏有效协调相关[3-5]。 COVID-19大流行期间,结核护理滞后及病人免疫状态不佳致使结核病罹患人数和死亡人数增加,同时,TB-COVID共发感染是临床死亡率上升不可忽视的重要原因之一,给传染病防治工作带来了极大挑战[6-7]。
结核病免疫治疗专家共识(2022年版)强调,TB的发生、进展、转归均与机体免疫状态密切相关,TB患者通常免疫功能低下、固有免疫和适应性免疫功能异常[8], T细胞是抗分枝杆菌宿主防御的重要参与部分,也是结核潜伏感染期间遏制分枝杆菌传播的关键环节[9-10]。新冠病毒对人体免疫系统的破坏呈嗜淋巴细胞性,包括淋巴细胞的直接损伤、诱导凋亡、分化障碍等,认为 “炎症风暴”是新冠病毒导致机体免疫紊乱的主要机制,在多项细胞因子的参与下,形成免疫炎症级联反应,释放炎症因子进一步介导淋巴细胞的增殖、活化[11]。目前针对结核病人共发感染新冠肺炎的免疫功能相关研究较少,且COVID-19感染对肺结核患者免疫功能造成的影响也尚不明确。因此,对淋巴细胞和细胞因子研究分析,可以为该类患者的免疫状态研究提供非常有价值的基础,并为其免疫状态的评估提供参考,对结核病的预防和治疗都有积极作用。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
回顾性分析2022年3月至2023年8月昆明市第三人民医院(昆明市结核病防治院、昆明市传染病医院)收治的肺结核患者资料,并根据是否合并新型冠状病毒感染进行分组:单纯肺结核患者为TB组,共计111例,肺结核合并新型冠状病毒感染者为TB-COVID组,共计1649例。2组研究对象根据年龄分别划分为≤20、21~40、41~60、>60(岁)4个亚组。
诊断标准:TB的诊断符合《WS288~2017 肺结核诊断》[12],COVID-19的诊断符合《新型冠状病毒感染诊疗方案(试行第十版)》[13]。纳入标准:(1)符合上述TB、COVID-19诊断标准的患者;(2)实验室检查资料完整。排除标准:(1)确诊其他导致免疫功能改变的疾病(如系统性红斑狼疮、风湿免疫病、肿瘤等);(2)正在接受免疫调节治疗(激素、免疫抑制剂等)的患者。
1.2 检测指标
检测研究对象入院时CD16+CD56+、CD19+、CD3+T、CD4+T、CD8+T、CD4+/CD8+、CD4+CD8+双阳性、CD4-CD8-双阴性、NK细胞、淋巴细胞等绝对数、IL-10、12p70、IL-17、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-8、IFN-α、IFN-γ、TFN-α共22项。以上指标均由迈瑞bricyte E6流式细胞仪检测所得,淋巴细胞亚群分型用T/B/NK四色试剂盒,12项细胞因子检测用多重微球流式免疫荧光发光法。
1.3 统计学处理
采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件进行数据分析。计量资料中符合正态分布以均数±标准差($\bar x \pm s $)表示,用t检验进行组间比较;不符合正态分布以中位数和四分位数 [M ( P25,P75)]表示,用Mann Whitney检验比较。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1 2组研究对象实验室指标分析
较单纯TB感染组,TB-COVID组年龄更大(P < 0.05),TB-COVID组男性占比多于TB组(P < 0.05),见表1。
表 1 TB-COVID组和TB组流行病学比较[M(P25,P75)]Table 1. Epidemiological comparison between TB-COVID and TB [M(P25,P75)]检验指标 TB-COVID TB Z P 年龄(岁) 49 (31,62 ) 44 (29,57 ) −2.117 0.034* 性别(男∶女) 111(70∶41) 1649(880∶769) 2.871 0.047* *P < 0.05。 将2组患者进行PSM分析 ,降低组间混杂因素 ,排除2组间年龄、性别、基础疾病差异后,每组各111例样本,比较实验室指标,结果TB-COVID组CD19+、CD3+、CD4+、lymphocyte和IL-8低于TB组,IL-10、IL-17和IL-6高于TB组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表2、图1;CD16+CD56+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+、CD4+CD8+、CD4-CD8-、NK、IL-12p70、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IFN-α、IFN-γ和TFN-α共13项指标组间差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表2。
表 2 TB-COVID组和TB组实验室指标分析[M(P25,P75)]Table 2. Analysis of laboratory indicators in TB-COVID and TB [M(P25,P75)]检验指标 TB-COVID TB Z P CD16+CD56+(个/μL) 191(148,285) 169(109,262) 1.048 0.298 CD19+(个/μL) 109(43,209) 171(104.5,270) −4.417 <0.001* CD3+(个/μL) 830(584,1131) 1005(737.5,1317) −3.206 0.043* CD4+(个/μL) 437(322,631) 567(405.5,765) −3.516 0.006* CD8+(个/μL) 350(223,490) 381(268,538.5) −3.044 0.469 CD4+/CD8+(个/μL) 1.46(0.99,2.04) 1.47(1.12,1.905) −1.507 0.057 CD4+CD8+(个/μL) 12(8,22) 16(11,25) −2.681 0.086 CD4-CD8−(个/μL) 40(22,68) 43(24,71) −1.406 0.096 NK(个/μL) 50(26,75) 61(38,97.5) −2.761 0.074 lymphocyte(个/μL) 1210.0(893.0,1597.0) 1400.0(1063.5,1827.5) −2.913 0.042* IL-10(pg/mL) 2.97(2.42,5.37) 2.71(2.45,3.115) 3.573 0.007* IL-12p70(pg/mL) 2.59(2.24,3.14) 2.41(2.23,2.67) 2.435 0.052 IL-17(pg/mL) 5.72(1.36,11.47) 2.36(1.45,9.39) 2.465 0.021* IL-1β(pg/mL) 2.90(1.94,6.10) 4.30(2.11,8.78) −1.542 0.308 IL-2(pg/mL) 2.50(2.10,3.09) 2.49(2.22,2.91) 0.389 0.436 IL-4(pg/mL) 2.40(1.74,2.62) 2.14(1.86,2.515) 0.601 0.834 IL-6(pg/mL) 9.73(3.11,18.85) 3.72(2.83,6.02) 3.665 0.001* IL-8(pg/mL) 1.31(0.87,3.69) 1.32(1.11,4.665) −1.653 0.034* IFN-α(pg/mL) 2.50(2.21,3.14) 2.64(2.35,3.00) −0.475 0.531 IFN-γ(pg/mL) 3.36(2.29,7.88) 4.00(2.83,7.84) −0.007 0.591 TFN-α(pg/mL) 2.48(1.47,2.93) 2.19(1.52,3.23) 1.048 0.338 *P < 0.05。 2.2 不同年龄段人群中的细胞因子水平分析
根据年龄段将研究对象划分为≤20、21~40、41~60、>60(岁)4个亚组,比较TB-COVID和TB各个亚组研究对象细胞因子表达水平的平均值,IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-8、TFN-α、IL-12p70表现为TB-COVID组21~40岁阶段急剧攀升远超TB组,并随年龄增长逐渐回落,见图2。
3. 讨论
TB的免疫机制复杂,感染结合分枝杆菌后人体免疫系统被激活,其中T细胞介导的细胞免疫是最为重要的免疫方式, T细胞水平会随着病情的加重而降低[14-15],新冠病毒可以快速激活致病性Th1细胞以分泌促炎因子,如粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF),细胞因子环境诱导高表达IL-14的CD16+单核细胞并加速炎症,同时,激活的单核细胞产生大量IL-6、TNF-α和其他细胞因子,这些细胞因子的短时内高表达是COVID-19的特征之一[16],已发现COVID-19和TB发生的免疫应答失调交叉影响,这表明合并感染带来的双重风险会加重COVID-19的恶化程度,同时COVID-19感染诱发的超炎症环境也可能会加速TB的进展[14],重症COVID-19的特征是淋巴细胞减少,加之免疫抑制药物的使用,或导致机体对MTB特异性抗原的免疫反应降低,这也解释了此次研究中TB-COVID组CD19+、CD3+、CD4+、lymphocyte均显著低于TB组(P < 0.05)的原因,南非的一项研究显示[17],COVID-19患者外周血中TB特异性CD19+B细胞显著降低,这与本次研究结果一致,认为TB患者淋巴细胞减少会降低机体对COVID-19的免疫反应,也降低了特异性CD4+T细胞的多功能潜力,在潜伏性结核分枝杆菌感染者中,COVID-19引起的严重淋巴细胞减少和类固醇治疗可能由于细胞免疫的短暂抑制而使患者进展为活动性结核病或通过减少靶向结核分枝杆菌的记忆T细胞池增加进行性原发性结核感染的风险。COVID-19感染除了会损害适应性免疫系统中的CD4+T淋巴细胞外,对CD19+淋巴细胞的损伤也不容忽视,学者对早期COVID-19感染后幸存者进行免疫组库测序,显示T细胞和B细胞表达和功能异常,T细胞受体/B细胞受体克隆增多,多样性降低,类转换重组异常,CD19+淋巴细胞数量减少,对病毒的易感性高[17],与本研究中CD19+的结果一致。
细胞因子风暴,是抗炎和促炎的平衡紊乱引起机体免疫调控失衡,涉及始动、免疫细胞的活化及器官功能障碍等多个阶段,目前已被报道可能参与COVID-19细胞因子风暴的细胞因子以及下游信号通路包括IL-6/JAK/STAT、IFN-γ/JAK/STAT、TNFα/NF-κB、IL-1β/NLRP3、IL-2/IL-2R/JAK/STAT5、IL-7/IL-7R、IL-10、IL-17、IL-12以及GM-CSF通路[18-19], IL-6通过血小板膜糖蛋白6(gp6)与可溶性sIL-130受体结合形成IL-6-sIL-6R复合物,可激活非免疫细胞中的信号传导及转录激活蛋白(STAT3),核因子κB(NF-κB)和STAT3都能够激活IL-6放大器以诱导各种促炎细胞因子和趋化因子,包括血管内皮生长因子、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)、IL-8和IL-6[20]。IL-6不仅与sIL-6R结合以参与顺式信号传导,而且还可以通过gp6与膜结合的IL-6受体(mIL-130R)结合以在反式信号传导中起作用,后者可导致获得性免疫途径受损和先天免疫不受控制等多效性作用,导致细胞因子风暴[21],此次研究中,IL-10、IL-17和IL-6在TB-COVID组中高表达,认为与COVID-19感染导致的细胞因子风暴密不可分。有学者提出,青少年结核高发的情况下,不该忽视宿主年龄对TB和COVID-19免疫反应的影响,以期得到有关2种感染间相互作用的更直观可靠数据[22],对此,笔者将研究对象按年龄分组进行比较后,原本组间差距不显著的IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、TFN-α均在21~40岁时表现出TB-COVID组远超TB组,并随年龄增长逐渐回落,认为与该年龄段人群自身免疫功能较强导致炎症发生后机体内即刻反应并激活这部分细胞因子参与抗炎有密不可分的关系,而不能因全TB-COVID组人群中未与TB组拉开差距而忽视其作用。
此次研究为回顾性分析,数据的完整性和同质性尚有不足。今后的研究中,团队会对TB及COVID-19感染者的病程等因素进行分层分析,评估COVID-19与TB之间的相互作用,进一步明确TB合并COVID-19患者体内免疫指标的变化,通过特异性或非特异性的策略及时有效地靶向不同的细胞因子通路,协助临床制定更合理的策略以加强痨病防治。
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