Construction and Effect Evaluation of Case Management Model in Prevention of High Risk Pressure Injury in Elderly Inpatients
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摘要:
目的 初步构建老年住院患者高危压力性损伤预防的个案管理护理方案,并探讨应用效果。 方法 应用德尔菲法,以奥马哈问题评估及干预系统为框架制定出老年住院患者高危压力性损伤(pressure injury,PI)预防个案管理护理方案。选择某三级甲等医院符合纳入标准的100例患者作为研究对象,采用配对设计法行对照组常规护理,实验组在常规护理基础上实施个案管理护理方案,分别从实验组干预前后的认知、行为、状况(knowledge-behavior-status,K-B-S),2组压疮愈合计分量表(pressure ulcer scale for healing,PUSH)、Braden评估表、营养风险筛查2002(nutrition risk screening2002,NRS-2002)、PI的发生率、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,HB)、血清白蛋白(serum albumin,ALB)的监测指标进行评价。 结果 2组患者年龄、收入等基本资料差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。实验组患者住院期间护理问题共503个,常见(发生率≥30%)问题有11个。实验组PI发生率与发生风险低于对照组(P < 0.05)。 结论 个案管理护理方案的构建科学、合理,可分析老年高危PI患者住院期间不同领域的常见护理问题,选择相应的干预措施进行干预、动态评价,一定程度上减少PI发生的高危因素,降低PI发生率,改善护理结局。 Abstract:Objective To establish a high-risk pressure Injury prevention case management model for the elderly inpatients, and evalutate the effect of the high-risk pressure injury prevention case management model for the elderly inpatients. Methods A case management and nursing plan for the prevention of high-risk stress injury in elderly hospitalized patients was developed through the Delphi method. 100 patients with high incidence of pressure injury in a third-A-grade hospital were selected from May to November 2018. The patients in each department were randomly divided into two groups, with 50 patients in each group. The control group implemented a routine care regimen.The experimental group implemented the high-risk pressure Injury prevention case management model for the elderly inpatients based on the routine nursing program. On the day of hospitalization, on the fourth day after hospitalization, and before the discharge, the nursing problems were found and improved, evaluated from three aspects of Knowledge-Behavior-Status (knowledge-behavior-status, K-B-S). On the day of hospitalization, on the fourth day after hospitalization, and before the discharge, the investigators used Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (pressure ulcer scale for healing, PUSH), the Braden evaluation form, Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002) for evaluation. Observe the occurrence of pressure injury, hemoglobin (HB), serum albumin (serum albumin, ALB) detection indicators. Results There were no significant differences in baseline data of age, sex, education, family economic income between the two groups (P > 0.05). The experimental group had 503 nursing problems during hospitalization.There were 11 common nursing problems (incidence rate≥30%). The experimental group performed better than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions The research confirms that the case management model can analyze nursing problems, and objectively evaluate the effectiveness of interventions.The case management model can reduce the incidence of pressure injuries in elderly inpatients with high-risk pressure injuries. -
Key words:
- Elderly inpatients /
- High-risk pressure injury /
- Case management model
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表 1 2组患者一般资料比较[n(%)/
$\bar x \pm s $ ]Table 1. General information of patients [n(%)/
$\bar x \pm s $ ]项目 分类 实验组(n = 48) 对照组(n = 49) χ2/t P 年龄[岁,($\bar x \pm s $)] 72.75 ± 8.55 73.63 ± 8.84 −0.500 0.618 性别 男 28(58.33) 28(57.14) 0.014 0.906 女 20(41.67) 21(42.86) 民族 汉 42(87.50) 41(83.67) 0.287 0.592 其他 6(12.50) 8(16.33) 患者学历 小学及以下 37(77.08) 38(77.55) 0.003 0.956 初中及高中 11(22.92) 11(22.45) 患者收入(元) ≤1 000 2(4.17) 3(6.12) 0.190 0.910 1 001~3 000 35(71.92) 35(71.43) ≥3 000 11(22.92) 11(22.45) 吸烟史 是 30(62.50) 31(63.27) 0.006 0.938 否 18(37.50) 18(36.73) 消瘦 是 18(37.50) 18(36.73) 0.006 0.938 否 30(62.50) 31(63.27) 发热 是 14(29.17) 13(26.53) 0.084 0.772 否 34(70.83) 36(73.47) 水肿 是 5(10.42) 4(8.16) 0.146 0.702 否 43(89.58) 45(91.84) 大/小便失禁 是 14(29.17) 15(30.61) 0.024 0.876 否 34(70.83) 34(69.39) 特殊用药情况 是 27(56.25) 31(63.27) 0.496 0.481 否 21(43.75) 18(36.73) NRS-2002 3.1 ± 1.7 3.1 ± 1.3 0.142 0.887 HB 125.1 ± 13.4 124.7 ± 12.3 0.133 0.895 ALB 36.9 ± 4.6 36.8 ± 4.4 0.132 0.895 与照顾者关系 夫妻 11(22.92) 11(22.45) 0.003 0.956 子女 37(77.08) 38(77.55) 照顾者学历 小学及以下 18(37.50) 18(36.73) 0.022 0.989 初中及高中 15(31.25) 15(30.61) 大专及以上 15(31.25) 16(32.65) 表 2 实验组患者住院期间常见的护理问题及发生率(n = 48)
Table 2. The incidence of common nursing problems of patients in the experimental group during hospital [n(%),n = 48]
问题 n 百分比(%) 神经-肌肉-骨骼功能 48 100.00 皮肤 48 100.00 个人照顾 48 100.00 照顾 46 95.83 健康照顾督导 46 95.83 身体活动 46 95.83 器械使用情况 45 93.75 营养 33 68.75 精神健康 30 62.50 药物治疗方案 25 52.08 循环 18 37.50 表 3 实验组患者住院期间常见护理问题的干预效果评价(
$\bar x \pm s $ )Table 3. Evaluation of intervention effect on common nursing problems of patients in the experimental (
$\bar x \pm s $ )护理问题 评价指标 住院期间 F P 入院当天 入院第4天 出院前 精神健康 K 1.8 ± 0.5 2.6 ± 0.6 3.0 ± 0.4 37.38 0.000 B 1.6 ± 0.6 2.6 ± 0.8 2.8 ± 0.7 24.97 0.000 S 2.1 ± 0.5 2.8 ± 0.8 3.0 ± 0.7 14.21 0.000 照顾 K 2 ± 0.6 3.1 ± 0.7 3.8 ± 0.4 331.78 0.000 B 2 ± 0.6 2.7 ± 0.6 3.6 ± 0.5 192.00 0.000 S 2.2 ± 0.4 2.7 ± 0.6 3.5 ± 0.5 256.33 0.000 神经-肌肉-骨骼功能 K 1.9 ± 0.4 3.1 ± 0.7 3.7 ± 0.5 484.00 0.000 B 1.7 ± 0.5 2.6 ± 0.5 3.3 ± 0.5 309.47 0.000 S 3 ± 0.1 3 ± 0.1 3 ± 0.2 2.03 0.185 循环 K 1.9 ± 0.4 3.1 ± 0.8 3.7 ± 0.5 310.86 0.000 B 1.9 ± 0.5 2.8 ± 0.5 3.5 ± 0.5 185.68 0.000 S 2.7 ± 0.7 2.8 ± 0.2 2.9 ± 0.5 3.02 0.093 皮肤 K 1.9 ± 0.4 3.1 ± 0.7 3.6 ± 0.7 100.21 0.000 B 1.7 ± 0.5 3 ± 0.5 3.7 ± 0.5 317.92 0.000 S 3.1 ± 0.3 3.5 ± 0.6 4.2 ± 0.5 226.94 0.000 身体活动 K 2 ± 0.5 2.8 ± 0.4 3.5 ± 0.5 119.95 0.000 B 1.9 ± 0.4 2.7 ± 0.5 3.1 ± 0.5 92.32 0.000 S 2 ± 0.3 2.6 ± 0.5 3.3 ± 0.5 109.29 0.000 个人照顾 K 2 ± 0.4 2.7 ± 0.6 3.2 ± 0.5 62.59 0.000 B 1.9 ± 0.5 2.4 ± 0.5 3.2 ± 0.5 69.93 0.000 S 2.2 ± 0.5 2.6 ± 0.5 3.1 ± 0.5 42.14 0.000 营养 K 1.7 ± 0.5 3.1 ± 0.5 3.9 ± 0.4 448.76 0.000 B 1.8 ± 0.4 2.8 ± 0.5 3.6 ± 0.5 203.11 0.000 S 1.9 ± 0.2 2.8 ± 0.4 3.5 ± 0.6 170.21 0.000 健康照顾督导 K 2 ± 0.6 3.1 ± 0.5 3.7 ± 0.4 273.78 0.000 B 2 ± 0.6 2.8 ± 0.5 3.6 ± 0.5 254.03 0.000 S 2.1 ± 0.4 2.8 ± 0.5 3.5 ± 0.5 309.26 0.000 药物治疗方案 K 2.1 ± 0.5 2.9 ± 0.5 3.8 ± 0.4 311.29 0.000 B 1.8 ± 0.6 2.6 ± 0.6 3.5 ± 0.5 280.17 0.000 S 2.3 ± 0.7 2.9 ± 0.5 3.6 ± 0.5 113.70 0.000 器械使用情况 K 2 ± 0.4 3.2 ± 0.5 4 ± 0.4 578.19 0.000 B 1.8 ± 0.5 2.7 ± 0.6 3.7 ± 0.6 291.20 0.000 S 3.1 ± 0.3 3.5 ± 0.7 4 ± 0.5 149.79 0.000 表 4 2组患者PI发生率的比较 [n(%)]
Table 4. Comparison of the incidence of PI between the two groups [n(%)]
项目 实验组(n = 48) 对照组(n = 49) χ2 p 发生 3(6.25) 11(22.45) 4.971 0.026* 未发生 46(93.75) 38(77.55) *P < 0.05。 表 5 2组患者PUSH量表得分比较(
$\bar x \pm s $ )Table 5. Comparison of push scale scores between the two groups (
$\bar x \pm s $ )组别 首次 第2次 第3次 F P 实验组(n = 3) 7 ± 2.65 2 ± 2 0.33 ± 0.58 14.471 0.000* 对照组(n = 11) 8.09 ± 2.34 3.55 ± 3.3 1.36 ± 3.04 F 1.364 P 0.251 *P < 0.05。 表 6 2组患者Braden评估表得分、NRS-2002得分、HB、ALB检测指标比较(
$\bar x \pm s $ )Table 6. Comparison of Braden assessment scores,NRS-2002 scores,Hb and ALB test indexes between the two groups (
$\bar x \pm s $ )项目 分组 Braden总分 NRS-2002 HB ALB 入院当天 实验组 11.3 ± 1.1 3.1 ± 1.7 125.1 ± 13.4 36.9 ± 4.6 对照组 11 ± 1.2 3.1 ± 1.3 124.7 ± 12.3 36.8 ± 4.4 入院后第4天 实验组 12 ± 1 3.2 ± 1.5 120.7 ± 11.4 36.1 ± 4 对照组 11.1 ± 1.1 3.6 ± 1.6 118.9 ± 10.5 34.5 ± 3.4 出院前 实验组 16.9 ± 1.2 2.8 ± 1.5 118.9 ± 10.5 35.5 ± 2.7 对照组 14 ± 1.5 4.3 ± 1.8 109.7 ± 7.6 32.7 ± 1.9 F 45.98 6.663 90.693 87.039 p 0.000* 0.011* 0.000* 0.000* *P < 0.05。 -
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