Effect of Reasonable Sedation on Image Quality before PET/CT Examination in Children with Epilepsy
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摘要:
目的 探索自然睡眠法及药物镇静法对小儿癫痫患者检查配合程度及图像质量的影响,指导护理人员掌握2种方法的优缺点。 方法 回顾性分析云南省第一人民医院PET/CT中心自2020年5月至2022年1月共72例(男45例、女27例,年龄1~12岁)小儿癫痫患者资料,所有患儿检查前均采用自然睡眠法及药物镇静法其中之一进行镇静,平静休息1 h后由麻醉师及护师对患儿进行配合程度评分(PSSS评分 0~5分)并进行PET/CT扫描,扫描后由后处理工作站进行图像融合,工作站自动计算图像偏移距离,2名影像医师对影像总体质量、病灶显著程度及图像背景噪声进行评价(Likert评分 1~5分)。采用t检验及秩和检验分析2种镇静方法的差异。 结果 2组患儿仅血糖差异有有统计学意义(P < 0.05),年龄、性别、体重、身长、注射剂量均差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。2组患儿PSSS评分分布、图像偏移距离及影像总体质量Likert评分分布差异存在统计学意义(P < 0.05),病灶显著程度及图像背景噪声Likert评分分布无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。 结论 采用药物镇静法患儿PET/CT图像质量优于自然睡眠法,护理人员需要掌握2种方法的优缺点,才能配合监护人灵活应对患儿癫痫PET/CT检查前准备。 Abstract:Objective To explore the effects of natural sleep and drug sedation on the degree of cooperation and image quality in children with epilepsy, and to guide nurses to master the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods. Methods A total of 72 children with epilepsy (45 males and 27 females, aged from 1 to 12 years old) in the PET/CT Center of the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province from May 2020 to January 2022 were enrolled retrospectively. all children were sedated by natural sleep and drug the sedation before examination. After resting for 1 hour, the anesthesiologist and nurse scored the cooperation degree (PSSS score 0-5) and performed PET/CT scan. After scanning, the image fusion was performed by the post-processing workstation, and the image offset distance was calculated automatically by the workstation. Two imaging doctors evaluated the overall image quality, lesion saliency and image background noise (Likert score 1-5). T-test and rank sum test was used to analyze the differences between the two sedation methods; the natural sleep method was set to 0 and the drug sedation method was set to 1 for Pearson correlation analysis, and the correlation between the two sedation methods and other scores and indexes was observed. Results There was only significant difference in blood glucose between the two groups (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in age, sex, body weight, body length and injection dose between the two groups (P > 0.05). There were significant differences in PSSS score distribution, image offset distance and overall image quality Likert score distribution between the two groups (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in lesion significance and image background noise Likert score distribution between the two groups. Correlation analysis showed that the overall Likert score of PET/CT image quality of children with drug sedation was higher (P < 0.05, r>0) and the image offset distance was small (P < 0.05, r < 0). Conclusions The quality of PET/CT images of children with drug sedation is better than that of natural sleep. Nurses need to master the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods in order to cooperate with guardians to flexibly prepare before PET/CT examination of epilepsy. -
Key words:
- Sedation /
- Natural sleep /
- Drug sedation /
- Positron emission tomography /
- Pediatric /
- Epilepsy
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肿瘤患者治疗周期较长,长期化疗药物的静脉输注需物质和高浓度营养素,浅表静脉反复穿刺加大了疼痛和血管损伤[1-2]。外周中心静脉导管(Peripheral central venous catheter)是指通过穿刺头静脉、贵要静脉、或肘部正中静脉,经腋静脉到达上腔静脉的静脉导管[3-4]。PICC有着操作简便、留置时间长、创伤小等优点而在临床上广泛应用[5],因此,它是一种安全有效的肿瘤患者静脉治疗途径,使其能防止因刺激性药物引起血管损伤及反复穿刺疼痛。而PICC不但能减轻穿刺疼痛,而且还能降低药物输注导致的副作用[6-7]。然而,肿瘤患者由于插管期间长时间受到化疗药物刺激,可能会加大导管相关性感染(catheter related infection,CRI)风险[2]。本文旨在探讨肿瘤患者CRI危险原因及其预防措施,具体探讨内容如下。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
纳入2019年5月至2020年8月,昆明医科大学第二附属医院肿瘤科收治的PICC置管18岁以上肿瘤患者180例,其中男101例,女79例,纳入研究患者均了解本次研究内容且意识清晰,服从医护人员安排。排除其他感染征象及细菌的培养为阳性、有血栓形成史或者有严重性出血疾病、穿刺位置皮肤损伤者。
1.2 方法
利用本院自制维护记录单,将PICC患者在进行维护期间每次夫人有关信息详细记录下来,主要包括有患者的年龄、性别、PICC导管保持时长、导管重复穿刺数等。将感染患者与未感染患者性别、年龄、化疗次数和合并糖尿病、导管重复穿刺数差异,针对于导管在患者术后出现导管感染的有关危险因素,实施对应的护理措施。
1.3 纳入标准
(1)符合《导管相关性感染诊断参考标准》[8]诊断标准;(2)均了解本次研究内容,自愿加入;(3)意识清晰,无精神类疾病。
1.4 排除标准
(1)伴有心、肝、肾等脏器严重疾病;(2)语言表达存在功能障碍;(3)伴有精神类疾病;(4)不愿意参加本次研究活动。
1.5 统计学处理
选用SPSS26.0统计学软件,计数资料以n(%)表示,χ2或Fisher检验;计量资料以(
$ \bar x \pm s$ )表示,t检验;多因素Logistics回归分析OC影响因素;ROC曲线分析CEA、CA125、HE4对OC的诊断价值;P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。2. 结果
2.1 分析导致导管相关性感染单因素
180例患者发生导管相关性感染27例,感染率为15%,血流感染3例,局部感染24例,分别占11.11%和88.89%。比较感染组和未感染组在单次置管穿刺次数、PICC留置时长、导管移动、化疗次数、糖尿病等方面,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01),比较性别、年龄方面差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表1。
表 1 分析PICC 导管相关性感染的危险原因单因素(n,%)Table 1. To analyze the risk factors of PICC catheter-related infection (n,%)项目 感染组(n = 27) 未感染组(n = 153) χ2 P 年龄(岁) 0.337 > 0.05 < 60 12(44.44) 65(42.48) ≥60 15(55.56) 88(57.52) 性别 0.621 > 0.05 男 14(51.85) 80(52.29) 女 13(48.15) 73(47.71) 单次置管穿刺次数(次) 32.656 < 0.01 1 5(18.52) 115(75.16) 2及以上 22(81.48) 38(24.84) PICC留置时间(d) 23.197 < 0.01 < 60 9(33.33) 91(59.48) ≥60 18(66.67) 62(40.52) 导管移动 11.845 < 0.01 无 7(25.93) 101(66.01) 有 20(74.07) 52(33.99) 化疗次数(次) 16.393 < 0.01 < 5 9(33.33) 49(32.03) ≥5 18(66.68) 104(67.97) 糖尿病 11.346 < 0.01 无 10(37.04) 97(63.40) 有 17(62.96) 56(36.6) 2.2 分析导管相关性感染危险因素的多因素
导管移动(OR = 2.421)、化疗次数(OR = 6.475)、合并糖尿病(OR = 3.271)等基础疾病为CRI危险因素见表2。
表 2 导管相关性感染危险因素的多因素分析Table 2. Objective to analyze the risk factors of catheter-related infection变量 SE β Waldχ2 P OR 95%CI 有导管移动 6.231 0.841 11.784 < 0.05 2.421 1.556~3.516 化疗次数≥5 7.486 0.537 16.453 < 0.05 6.475 1.243~2.294 合并糖尿病 5.473 0.639 11.464 < 0.05 3.271 1.196~3.753 3. 讨论
伴随导管技术进展,PICC已经能够完全满足周期性化疗和营养支持需求,广泛应用于肿瘤科[9]。和其他营养支持对比,PICC有保留时间长、成本低、漏液少、安全系数高等优点,PICC三大并发症之一为CRI[10-11]。由于化疗疗程较长、免疫力较低,肿瘤患者是出现CRI的高危人群。还有一个方面就是癌症化疗患者易出现医院感染,感染会严重对化疗疗效造成影响,经济上对患者加大负担[12-13]。针对这些问题,分析肿瘤患者CRI的危险因素,对肿瘤患者 PICC 感染防治意义重大[14-15]。本研究结果显示,对比感染组和未感染组在年龄、性别方面没有显著差异(P > 0.05),单次置管穿刺数、PICC保留时长、导管移动、化疗次数、糖尿病等方面有显著差异,对比两组有统计学意义(P < 0.05);导管移动(OR = 2.421)、化疗次数(OR = 6.475)、合并糖尿病(OR = 3.271)等基础疾病为CRI危险因素。在肿瘤患者中,化疗一般是周期性的,且保留时间长,长时间静脉置管,血栓形成及纤维蛋白沉积可能是细菌定植的条件之一。据报道,导管留置时间28以上CRI导出现几率超过24.0%[4]。与表1数据一致。由于长期反复化疗,患者的免疫功能显著下降,白细胞数量急剧减少,增加了感染几率;表2中Logistic回归分析结果显示,感染组化疗5次以上风险比未感染组高6.475倍。患者置管同时还有别的基础疾病,如糖尿病等,这些疾病会让患者血液黏稠且减慢,这类人比无基础疾病的人在置管后更易感染[5]。本结果表明,糖尿病肿瘤患者PICC导管相关性感染的发生率比未感染组明显更高,表2中Logistic回归分析结果显示,感染组的风险是未感染组的3.271倍,这和兰琪[6]观点一致;反复静脉穿刺对皮肤和血管会造成损伤,破坏防御屏障,细菌容易侵入;浅静脉化疗时,血管内膜会受到化疗药物的损伤,引起血管纤维化,在行PICC置管期间,容出现静脉炎、血栓形成等并发症,加大感染概率[7]。为延长PICC导管利用时长,护理人员对患者可加强健康宣教,提高对导管的依从性,导管维护规范,并尽快取出不需要导管。房间在穿刺前经过紫外线进行消毒,确保环境安全,确保穿刺处周边皮肤清洁、干燥,最大程度上降低局部出现感染。导管外露处可采取施乐卡环固定于患者前臂,防止导管移位,明显降低PICC导管相关感染出现率。在PICC导管置管及更换期间,无菌屏障提供到最大程度的措施,包括操作人员戴无菌手套、无菌帽、口罩及无菌操作衣,且用无菌巾覆盖[8]。肿瘤合并糖尿病等基础疾病患者在导尿时间段应注意饮食方面的护理。在用药及输液期间,要基础病的治疗及导管插入术协调好。此外,选择穿刺处要慎重,应在锁骨下的静脉处穿刺,皮肤菌丝数在此范围内较少,皮肤湿度相对较低,感染几率较小,因此,防止在股静脉采取穿刺。在术后加强护理,对患者实施日常检查,留置导管时细心观察注意静脉导管,防止PICC穿刺点被压迫到。对病人进行针对性健康教育,告知病人在置管时也许会发生的并发症和注意事项,对患者进行详细讲解,并有针对性进行心理干预,改善其负面情绪。告知病人多喝水,并且告诉病人多喝水的重要性及必要性,可以明显经自身血液粘稠度降低,防止病人在治疗期间血栓形成,进而将治疗难度加大。
综上所述,肿瘤患者PICC置管后出现CRI的危险因素有很多,主要是导管移动、化疗频率和糖尿病等。因此,临床上应该采取对应的护理干预策略,能够最大程度防止导管感染的出现。掌握PICC导管感染危险因素的过程,不但有助于护理人员对置管感染预防和治疗策略进行掌握,而且还有助于更好地防止出现其他并发症,对于肿瘤患者采取PICC置管能够提供更全面及更优质的护理,降低PICC置管感染等并发症出现,对患者生活质量提升,有助于能够帮助患者尽快康复。
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表 1 患儿一般资料[(
$\bar x \pm s $ )/n(%)]Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients [(
$\bar x \pm s $ )/n(%)]项目 自然睡眠法(n = 38) 药物镇静法(n = 34) χ2/t P 年龄(岁) 5.840 ± 3.027 6.590 ± 3.465 −0.975 0.333 性别 0.728 0.393 男 22(57.9) 23(67.6) 女 16(42.1) 11(32.4) 体重(kg) 24.490 ± 14.205 26.259 ± 13.408 −0.542 0.590 身长(cm) 115.816 ± 22.221 114.353 ± 26.257 0.256 0.799 血糖水平(mmol/L) 4.668 ± 0.683 4.991 ± 0.493 −2.276 0.026* 注射剂量(MBq) 128.741 ± 66.300 130.425 ± 64.095 −0.109 0.913 *P < 0.05。 -
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