Progress in Non-surgical Treatment of Early Onset Scoliosis
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摘要: 早发性脊柱侧弯(early-onset scoliosis,EOS)是一种儿童的三维脊柱畸形。目前临床主要的治疗方法包括随访、手术治疗和非手术治疗,而非手术治疗能延缓、控制病情进展,为生长发育以及手术治疗争取时间。石膏治疗、牵引治疗及脊柱侧弯专项运动均为临床应用多年非手术治疗方式。随技术和治疗思路进步,对EOS非手术治疗方式提供了新的思路,例如:治疗作用方式及作用部位的改变、药理学研究、心理健康监测等。现将早发性脊柱侧弯的非手术治疗方法及进展新思路综述如下。Abstract: Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) is a three-dimensional spinal deformity in children. At present, the main clinical treatment methods include follow-up, surgical treatment and non-surgical treatment, while non-surgical treatment can delay and control the progression of the disease and buy time for growth and development as well as surgical treatment. Serial casting, traction therapy and targeted exercise for scoliosis are all non-surgical treatments that have been used in clinical practice for many years. With the progress of technology and treatment, new ideas have been provided for the non-surgical treatment of EOS, such as the change of treatment mode and site of action, pharmacological research, mental health monitoring, etc. This article summarizes the nonsurgical treatment methods and new ideas for the development of early onset scoliosis.
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Key words:
- Early-onset scoliosis /
- Non-surgical treatment /
- Serial casting /
- Brace
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伴随全球老龄化问题日趋严重,老年医学领域已将衰弱视为研究焦点之一[1−3]。据报道,慢性疼痛在生物、心理和社会因素之间的相互作用下可预测老年人群衰弱的发生[4-5]。共患衰弱和慢性疼痛的老年人具有更差的身体功能和精神状态,甚至增加死亡、远期痴呆等风险[6-7]。然而,虽然国内已有较多关于老年人群发生衰弱及其影响因素的研究,但在老年慢性疼痛就诊者的研究尚鲜见[7]。此外,衰弱是介于机体失能和心身健康间的一种状态,其发生是综合影响的结果,人口学特征特的不同和生活方式的改变可导致衰弱影响因素的变化[8]。因此,本研究以2023年云南省玉溪市某三甲医院疼痛科慢性疼痛就诊者为究对象,了解老年慢性疼痛患者的衰弱情况及分析其影响因素,旨在为今后制定高质量精细化的干预措施提供科学依据。
1. 对象与方法
1.1 研究对象
2023年1至6月在玉溪市某三甲医院疼痛科慢性疼痛就诊者。纳入标准[7-8]:(1)年龄≥60岁;(2)NIPRO Painvision(PS-2100)判定为疼痛者和/或视觉模拟评分(VAS)≥3分者;(3)疼痛时间>3个月且每天疼痛者;(4)能够理解调查问卷内容者;(5)知情本次调查并同意参与者。排除标准:(1)拒绝参与本次研究者;(2)年龄<60岁;(3)国际慢性疼痛诊断排除者;(4)调查量表内容理解困难或不理解者。
1.2 研究方法
采用横断面研究进行抽样调查,抽样方法为简单随机抽样法。根据公式N=Zα2×P×(1-P)/δ2计算样本量,取α=0.05(双侧),则Zα=1.96;P为预期老年慢性疼痛患者衰弱患病率,参考文献[1]和预实验调查,本次P为20.0%;δ为最大允许误差,本次为0.05;考虑到10%的失访率,需调查270人,实际调查272人。
采用自行设计的问卷“一对一”“面对面”调查老年慢性疼痛就诊者的基本人口学特征:就诊时年龄、性别(男、女)、民族(汉族、其他民族)、职业(农民、非农民)、婚姻(未婚、已婚、离异和丧偶)和文化程度(小学及以下、初中及以上);疼痛情况:疼痛类型、疼痛程度和疼痛持续时间;心理状况:抑郁、焦虑等。NIPRO Painvision(PS-2100)以最小感知的电流值来评价疼痛程度;VAS是10 cm的直线,由就诊者划出疼痛程度,所画线段长度就是VAS得分,其中无疼痛(0分)、轻度疼痛(1~3分)、中度疼痛(4~6分)和重度疼痛(7~10分);综合NIPRO Painvision和VAS评价结果,得出疼痛程度的最终评分[9-10]。疼痛类型参照新版国际疾病分类[9]:原发性疼痛、慢性癌症疼痛、慢性肌肉骨骼疼痛、慢性神经性疼痛、慢性内脏疼痛、慢性创伤/术后疼痛、慢性头痛和颌面痛,其各疼痛类型中数量<20例时归为其他。就诊者抑郁、焦虑和衰弱情况调查分别运用具有良好的信/效度的贝克抑郁自评问卷(BDI)、贝克焦虑自评问卷(BAI)和FRAIL 量表[10-11]。其中,BDI共有21个项目,以0~3分计分,本次统计总分≥20分视为抑郁;BAI共有21个项目,以0~3分计分,本次统计总分≥26分视为焦虑;FRAIL 量表共5个项目,以0~1分计,本次统计总分≥3分视为衰弱。问卷Cronbach's α系数为0.862;KMO = 0.786,P < 0.001,适用于本研究。
1.3 统计学处理
使用Epidata 3.1建立数据库并双录入数据,SPSS 26.0完成统计分析。采用K-S法进行正态性检验,年龄呈偏态分布资料采用中位数及四分位间距(P25~P75)来描述,组间比较采用秩和检验。性别、民族等分类资料用频数(%)描述,组间比较采用χ2检验。将老年慢性疼痛就诊者衰弱情况视为二项分布,计算衰弱患病率及95%可信区间(95%CI)。老年慢性疼痛就诊者衰弱的相关因素分析采用多因素Logistic 回归模型,变量筛选法为LR法,入选标准α=0.05,剔除标准为β = 0.10。双侧检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1 基本情况
272例老年慢性疼痛就诊者中,男女比约为2.0:1;年龄中位数为66(63~70)岁。以汉族、初中及以上文化程度、已婚、农民、轻/中度疼痛、1 个疼痛部位、疼痛病程<1 a和慢性肌肉骨骼疼痛者为主,占比分别为:79.41%、54.04%、62.87%、75.37%、81.62%、62.13%、61.40%和32.35%,见表1。
表 1 老年慢性疼痛就诊者人口学特征和衰弱情况Table 1. The demographic characteristics and the frailty among elderly patients with chronic pain特征 n
(n = 272)衰弱 χ2 P n = 58 发生率(95%CI) 性别 0.016 0.899 女 91(33.46) 19 20.88(12.53~29.23) 男 181(66.54) 39 21.55(15.56~27.54) 民族 0.505 0.477 汉族 216(79.41) 48 22.22(16.68~27.77) 其他民族 56(20.59) 10 17.86(7.83~27.89) 文化程度 0.489 0.486 小学及以下 125(45.96) 29 23.20(15.80~30.60) 初中级以上 147(54.04) 29 19.73(13.29~26.16) 婚姻状况 0.570 0.450 未婚/离异/丧偶 101(37.13) 24 23.76(15.46~32.06) 已婚 171(62.87) 34 19.88(13.90~25.87) 职业 0.195 0.658 农民 205(75.37) 45 21.95(16.29~27.62) 非农 67(24.63) 13 19.40(9.93~28.87) 疼痛程度 7.865 0.005* 轻/中度 222(81.62) 40 18.02(12.96~23.07) 重度 50(18.38) 18 36.00(22.70~49.30) 疼痛部位数(个) 15.830 <0.001* 1 169(62.13) 23 13.61(8.44~18.78) ≥2 103(37.87) 35 33.98(24.83~43.13) 抑郁 15.830 <0.001* 否 169(62.13) 23 13.61(8.44~18.78) 是 103(37.87) 35 33.98(24.83~43.13) 焦虑 15.981 <0.001* 否 201(73.90) 31 15.42(10.43~20.42) 是 71(26.10) 27 38.03(26.74~49.32) 疼痛病程(a) 4.197 0.123 <1 167(61.40) 32 19.16(13.19~25.13) 1~2.9 51(18.75) 9 17.65(7.18~28.11) ≥3 54(19.85) 17 31.48(19.09~43.87) 疼痛类型 3.287 0.281 慢性神经病理性疼痛 34(12.50) 11 32.35(16.63~48.08) 慢性肌肉骨骼疼痛 88(32.35) 16 18.18(10.12~26.24) 慢性创伤和术后疼痛 86(31.62) 20 23.26(14.33~32.18) 其它疼痛 64(23.53) 11 17.19(7.94~26.43) *P < 0.05。 2.2 不同特征老年慢性疼痛就诊者的衰弱情况
272例老年慢性疼痛就诊者中,58例衰弱,衰弱患病率为21.32%(95%CI:16.46%~26.19%),衰弱组年龄中位数[69(65~72)岁]高于非衰弱组[66(62~69)岁],差异具有统计学意义(Z = 2.962,P = 0.003)。不同疼痛程度(χ2=7.865,P = 0.005)、疼痛部位数(χ2=15.830,P < 0.001)、抑郁(χ2=15.830,P < 0.001)和焦虑(χ2=15.981,P < 0.001)状况衰弱发生率不同,见表1。
2.3 老年慢性疼痛就诊者衰弱的影响因素分析
多因素Logistic 回归模型结果显示:老年慢性疼痛就诊者年龄越大衰弱风险越高(OR = 1.08,95%CI:1.02~1.14);重度疼痛者(OR = 3.12,95%CI:1.42~6.88)、疼痛部位>1 个者(OR = 4.47,95%CI:2.23~8.94)和抑郁者(OR = 4.76,95%CI:2.34~9.68)衰弱风险分别高于轻/中度疼痛者、仅有 1 个疼痛部位者和无抑郁者,见表2。
表 2 老年慢性疼痛就诊者衰弱的多因素分析Table 2. Multivariate analysis of frailty in elderly patients with chronic pain特征 β SE Wald χ2 OR(95%CI) P 年龄 0.075 0.030 6.235 1.08(1.02~1.14) 0.013 疼痛程度 轻/中度 1.00 重度 1.139 0.403 7.990 3.12(1.42~6.88) 0.005 疼痛部位 1 1.00 >1 1.497 0.354 17.905 4.47(2.23~8.94) <0.001 抑郁 否 1.00 是 1.560 0.362 18.551 4.76(2.34~9.68) <0.001 3. 讨论
3.1 老年慢性疼痛就诊者衰弱情况
本研究显示,老年慢性疼痛患者衰弱患病率为21.32%,低于老年偏头痛人群(37.80%)和老年腰椎间盘突出症人群(30.73%)[12-13],与老年住院人群相近(24.72%)[14],高于国内社区老年人群(7.0%~12.5%)[1−3],差异可能与研究对象、方法等不同有关。文献表明,慢性疼痛和衰弱存在相互关系,即慢性疼痛增加衰弱风险,衰弱介导慢性疼痛发生[4,7,15]。因此,老年慢性疼痛就诊人群已成为衰弱的高危人群,建议定期进行衰弱筛查并及时干预治疗。
3.2 老年慢性疼痛就诊者衰弱影响因素
本研究发现,随年龄增长老年慢性疼痛就诊者的衰弱风险越高,与既往研究结果一致[16-17]。年龄增长导致机体器官系统老化和身体储备减少,意味着抵御应激源能力的降低,而抵御应激能力的降低就是衰弱的核心特征之一[18-19]。有研究认为,重度疼痛可促使老年人从正常阶段发展到身体衰弱改变阶段[20],本研究中重度疼痛者的衰弱风险较高(OR = 3.12)。文献报道,因女性绝经后受雌激素水平的影响,使神经肌肉系统失去平衡引起肌肉力量下降,导致衰弱风险高于男性[21]。然而,本研究中未发现性别与衰弱存在关联,可能与女性痛阈较低、对疼痛敏感性高和耐受性较差有关,也可能因为样本量较少有关,但具体机制仍需进一步研究。1项西班牙老年人(≥65岁)队列研究发现,多部位疼痛的老年人发生衰弱风险是单部位的 2.50倍[22],本研究也发现衰弱风险与疼痛部位数有关,再次佐证疼痛越严重衰弱越高。因此,医务人员应结合人口学特征因素,更多的关注疼痛程度较高和多部位疼痛就诊者,制定个性化诊疗方案,减轻疼痛给患者带来的负担。
3.3 老年慢性疼痛就诊者衰弱的心理因素
影响老年慢性疼痛患者衰弱的因素还包括心理因素,即患有抑郁症者的衰弱风险更高。有研究发现,抑郁症和衰弱的老年人均存在炎性细胞因子(如IL-6)表达水平增高,以及线粒体功能降低导致肌肉萎缩,意味着两者可能具有共同机制和病理特点[23]。文献报道[24],老年抑郁症患者在行为学方面发生的消极改变(如:服药依从性、健康自我管理)也可能导致衰弱发生风险增加。此外,抑郁不但在疼痛和衰弱间具有中介作用,与疼痛共存时还存在加法交互作用而影响衰弱[25]。因此,在对老年慢性疼痛的衰弱防治过程中,应该同时关注心理健康,定期开展心理咨询服务,减轻抑郁等负向情绪。
3.4 本研究的局限性
首先,受调查方法(现况/横断面调查)的局限,仅能说明存在关联,因果关系不能得以证明。其次,本研究仅限于疼痛科慢性疼痛就诊者,且调查大多为主观报告,存在选择偏倚和信息偏倚。最后,受地域和样本量的限制,结果在推广到全省乃至全国时亦受限制,仍需大样本、多地区的前瞻性研究来进一步证实。
综上所述,老年慢性疼痛者衰弱患病率较高,年龄、疼痛程度、疼痛部位和抑郁状况与衰弱发生风险有关。因此,建议定期对老年慢性疼痛就诊者进行衰弱筛查并及时干预治疗,提高老年人的生活质量。
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