Distribution and Influencing Factors of Kolb Learning Style Type among Medical Students
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摘要:
目的 调查并探讨医学专业学生的Kolb学习风格类型偏好及潜在的影响因素,以针对性地为医学专业教学改革提供理论依据。 方法 采用Kolb学习风格量表并设置了10个潜在相关因素选项对国内5所医学院校416名医学专业学生的学习风格偏好及潜在影响因素进行调查。 结果 医学专业学生 的Kolb 学习风格类型中发散型、吸收型、聚合型、调节型分别占39.2%、27.2%、16.6%、17.1%;调节型和聚合型主动实践过程得分最高,而发散型和吸收型分别在反思观察学习过程中得分最高;医学专业学生学习风格的主要影响因素有所处学习阶段及父母对所学专业的态度,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。 结论 医学专业学生的Kolb学习风格偏好发散型,学习过程中加工信息能力较强。 Abstract:Objective To understand the distribution of Kolb learning style of medical students and analyze its influencing factors, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the reform of medical teaching. Methods Kolb Learning style Scale and 10 related factors were used to investigate the learning style preferences and potential influencing factors of 416 medical students from 5 medical colleges in China. Results Among the Kolb learning styles of medical students, diverging, assimilating, converging and modulating styles accounted for 47.1%, 44.9%, 4.7% and 3.3%, respectively; The accommodating and converging types scored the highest in the process of active experimentation, while the diverging and assimilating types scored the highest in the process of reflective observation learning. The main factors influencing the learning style of medical students are their learning stage and their families’ attitude towards medical learning P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Conclusion The Kolb learning style of medical students is divergent, and has a strong ability to process information in the learning process. -
Key words:
- Kolb learning style /
- Diverging /
- Assimilating /
- Converging /
- Accommodating
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密蒙花又名小锦花、黄饭花、鸡骨头花、染饭花等,为马钱科醉鱼草属植物密蒙花(Buddleja officinalis Maxim)的干燥花蕾和花序[1],在我国主要分布在陕西、甘肃以及西南、中南等地区,生长在海拔200~2800 m的向阳山坡、河边、灌木从中或林缘。该植物最早记载于《开宝本草》[2],具有清热泻火、养肝明目、退翳功效。本文对密蒙花乙酸乙酯层中的化学成分进行系统性研究,为该植物的开发利用奠定了理论基础。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 材料与仪器
1.1.1 实验原料
原料密蒙花采摘于云南昆明,摘掉叶和茎,留下花蕾和花序部分。
1.1.2 实验设备
设备仪器ZF-2型三用紫外分析仪,上海安亭电子仪器厂:VGAUTO Spec-3000型质谱仪,美国Thermo公司;Bruker AM-400,AVANCEⅢ 500 MHz,AVANCE Ⅲ 600 MHz型核磁共振仪,德国,Brucker公司。
1.2 实验方法
方法干燥密蒙花花蕾和花序7.8 kg,用75%乙醇浸提3次,每次72 h,过滤,合并提取液,回收乙醇得到总浸膏。总浸膏用蒸馏水溶解,用等体积乙酸乙酯和正丁醇依次萃取3次,分别得到乙酸乙酯层、正丁醇层和水层,分别浓缩得其浸膏。取乙酸乙酯层浸膏(150 g),经硅胶柱色谱和Spehadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱反复梯度洗脱得到单体化合物,通过MS、1H-NMR和13C-NMR鉴定其结构。
2. 结果
本实验从密蒙花乙酸乙酯层浸膏分离得到10个化合物,鉴定结果如下,结构如图1所示。
化合物Ⅰ:白色针状(氯仿),分子式C30H50O,ESI-MS m/z,426 [M + H]+。1H NMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:5.13(1H,t,J = 3.6 Hz,H-12),3.22(1H,dd,J = 5.2,11.0 Hz,H-3),1.07(3H,s),1.01(3H,s),1.00(3H,s),1.00(3H,d,J = 7.0 Hz),0.95(3H,d, J = 7.0 Hz),0.91(3H,s),0.80(3H,s),0.79(3H,s)。13C NMR(126 MHz,CDCl3)δ:38.8(C-1),27.2(C-2),79.0(C-3),39.2(C-4),55.3(C-5),18.4(C-6),32.9(C-7),40.0(C-8),47.7(C-9),36.9(C-10),23.2(C-11),124.43(C-12),139.59(C-13),42.1(C-14),28.5(C-15),26.6(C-16),33.8(C-17),59.1(C-18),39.7(C-19),39.6(C-20),31.3(C-21),41.5(C-22),28.2(C-23),15.6(C-24),15.7(C-25),16.9(C-26),23.3(C-27),28.8(C-28),17.5(C-29),21.4(C-30)。
化合物Ⅱ:白色粉末状(氯仿),分子式C29H48O,ESI-MS m/z:412 [M + H]+。1H NMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:5.35(1H,m,H-6),5.15(1H,dd,J = 15.0,8.5 Hz,Ha-22),5.02(1H,dd, J = 15.0,8.5 Hz,Ha-23),3.52(1H,m,H-3),1.03(3H,s,H-19),1.01(3H,d, J = 7.0 Hz,H-21),0.85(3H,t,J = 6.5 Hz,H-29),0.82(3H,d,J = 7.0 Hz,H-26),0.80(3H,d,J = 7.0 Hz,H-27),0.70(3H,s,H-18)。13C NMR(126 MHz,CDCl3)δ:37.3(C-1),31.7(C-2),71.8(C-3),42.3(C-4),140.8(C-5),121.7(C-6),31.9(C-7),32.0(C-8),50.2(C-9),36.5(C-10),21.1(C-11),39.7(C-12),42.2(C-13),56.9(C-14),24.4(C-15),28.9(C-16),56.0(C-17),12.0(C-18),19.4(C-19),40.5(C-20),21.2(C-21),138.3(C-22),129.3(C-23),51.2(C-24),32.0(C-25),19.0(C-26),21.1(C-27),25.4(C-28),12.2(C-29)。
化合物Ⅲ:白色无定型粉末(氯仿),分子式C30H50O,ESI-MS m/z:426[M + H]+。1H NMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:3.17(1H,dd,H-3),2.36(1H,m,H-18),2.27(1H,m,H-7),1.66(3H,m,H-30),1.65(1H,m,H-1),1.50~1.70(2H,m,H-2),1.50(1H,m,H-6),1.36(1H,m,H-6),1.36(1H,m,H-7),1.38(1H,m,H-11),1.25(1H,s,H-9),1.23(1H,m,H-11),1.65(1H,s,H-12),1.01(1H,s,H-12),1.64(1H,s,H-13),0.96(1H,m,H-15),1.10(1H,m,H-15),1.47(1H,m,H-16),1.38(1H,m,H-22),1.36(1H,m,H-16),1.35(1H,m,H-19),1.24(1H,s,H-21),1.18(1H,m,H-22),1.02(3H,s,H-26),0.95(3H,s,H-23),0.93(3H,s,H-27),0.89(1H,m,H-1),0.81(3H,s,H-25),0.77(3H,s,H-28),0.74(3H,s,H-24),0.66(1H,d,J = 9.0 Hz,H-5)。13C NMR(126 MHz,CDCl3)δ:38.7(C-1),27.4(C-2),79.0(C-3),38.8(C-4),55.2(C-5),18.3(C-6),34.2(C-7),40.8(C-8),50.4(C-9),37.1(C-10),20.9(C-11),25.1(C-12),38.0(C-13),42.8(C-14),27.4(C-15),35.6(C-16),43.0(C-17),48.0(C-18),48.3(C-19),151.0(C-20),29.8(C-21),40.0(C-22),28.0(C-23),15.4(C-24),16.0(C-25),16.1(C-26),14.5(C-27),18.0(C-28),19.4(C-29),109.3(C-30)。
化合物Ⅳ:黄色粉末状(氯仿),分子式C30H48O,ESI-MS m/z:424[M + H]+。1H NMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:4.72(1H,s,Ha-30),4.67(1H,s,30-Hb),1.02(18H,m,18,21,26,27,28,29-Me)。13C NMR(126 MHz,CDCl3)δ:32.8(C-1),41.4(C-2),213.5(C-3),50.8(C-4),46.2(C-5),25.3(C-6),28.2(C-7),47.8(C-8),24.4(C-9),29.1(C-10),25.9(C-11),35.1(C-12),45.3(C-13),48.8(C-14),32.7(C-15),27.6(C-16),53.2(C-17),18.0(C-18),27.3(C-19),36.2(C-20),18.8(C-21),34.9(C-22),31.3(C-23),56.4(C-24),33.0(C-25),21.1(C-26),22.5(C-27),19.2(C-28),10.7(C-29),105.9(C-30)。
化合物Ⅴ:无色结晶(氯仿),分子式C9H10O3,ESI-MS m/z:166[M + H]+。1H NMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:7.47(1H,d,J = 8.6Hz),6.75(2H,d,J = 8.6Hz),4.78(1H,q,J = 7.1 Hz)。13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3,)δ:166.9(-COOH),160.5(C-4),131.9(C-2,6),115.9(C-3,5),60.9(-OCH2),14.3(-CH3)。
化合物Ⅵ:白色粉末状(氯仿),分子式C32H52O2,ESI-MS m/z:468 [M + H]+。1H NMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:0.79(3H,s,H-28),0.84(3H,s,H-24),0.85(3H,8,H-23),0.86(3H,s,H-25),0.94(3H,s,H-27),1.03(3H,s,H-26),1.68(3H,s,30-CH3),2.03(3H,8,O = CCH3),4.47(1H,m,H-3)。13C NMR(126 MHz,CDCl3)δ:14.5(C-27),16.0(C-26),16.1(C-25),16.4(C-24),18.0(C-28),18.2(C-6),19.3(C-29),20.9(C-11),21.2(C-31),23.7(C-2),25.1(C-12),27.4(C-15),27.9(C-23),29.8(C-21),34.2(C-7),35.5(C-16),37.1(C-10),37.8(C-4),38.4(C-1),40.0(C-22),40.8(C-8),42.8(C-14),43.0(C-17),48.3(C-18),48.0(C-19),50.3(C-9),55.4(C-5),80.99(C-3),109.3(C-30),150.9(C-20),171.9(C-32)。
化合物Ⅶ:黄色粉末状(甲醇),分子式C15H10O6,ESI-MS m/z:286 [M + H]+。1H NMR(500 MHz,MeOD)δ:6.68(1H,s,H-3),6.20(1H,d,J = 2.4 Hz,H-6),6.45(1H,d,J = 2.4 Hz,H-8),7.40(1H,d,J = 2.4 Hz,H-2′),6.90(1H,d,J = 8.4 Hz,H-5′),7.43(1H,dd,J = 8.4,2.4 Hz,H-6′)。13C NMR(126 MHz,MeOD)δ:166.3(C-2),104.1(C-3),183.1(C-4),163.9(C-5),100.2(C-6),166.5(C-7),94.3(C-8),159.7(C-9),103.3(C-10),120.4(C-1′),114.8(C-2′),147.2(C-3′),150.1(C-4′),116.4(C-5′),123.9(C-6′)。
化合物Ⅷ:白色粉末状(甲醇),分子式C30H48O3,ESI-MS m/z:456 [M + H]+。1H NMR(500 MHz,MeOD)δ:5.37(1H,brs,H-12),3.19(1H,m,H-3),2.78(1H,m,H-18),1.11(3H,s,H-27),0.89(3H,s,H-25),0.88(3H,s,H-26),0.75(3H,s,H-23),0.74(3H,s,H-24)。13C-NMR(126 MHz,MeOD)δ:38.8(C-1),27.4(C-2),79.5(C-3),38.8(C-4),55.2(C-5),18.3(C-6),32.2(C-7),39.8(C-8),47.4(C-9),37.1(C-10),22.9(C-11),126.6(C-12),139.3(C-13),41.8(C-14),27.7(C-15),23.6(C-16),46.2(C-17),41.0(C-18),45.3(C-19),30.2(C-20),33.8(C-21),32.9(C-22),28.3(C-23),15.4(C-24),15.3.(C-25),17.1(C-26),25.5(C-27),180.8(C-28),33.7(C-29),23.9(C-30)。
化合物Ⅸ:白色粉末状(氯仿),分子式C29H48O,ESI-MS m/z:412 [M + H]+。1H NMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:5.17(3H,m,H-7,22,23),3.69(1H,m,3-OH),1.03(3H,d,J = 6.6 Hz,H-21),0.81(3H×4,H-19,26,27,29),0.56(3H,s,H-18)。13C NMR(126 MHz,CDCl3)δ:37.1(C-1),31.4(C-2),71.5(C-3),38.8(C-4),40.2(C-5),29.3(C-6),117.2(C-7),139.8(C-8),49.4(C-9),34.6(C-10),21.9(C-11),39.6(C-12),43.3(C-13),55.8(C-14),28.7(C-15),23.6(C-16),55.2(C-17),12.0(C-18),13.3(C-19),40.2(C-20),21.8(C-21),138.9(C-22),129.3(C-23),51.4(C-24),31.3.(C-25),21.1(C-26),19.5(C-27),25.8(C-28),12.7(C-29)。
化合物Ⅹ:淡黄色粉末(甲醇),分子式C28H32O14,ESI-MS m/z:591 [M + H]+。1H NMR(500 MHz,MeOD)δ:1.09(3H,d,J = 6.0 Hz,H-6),3.16(1H,dd,J = 9.0,9.0 Hz,H-4″),3.16(1H,dd,J = 9.0,9.0 Hz,H-4),3.28(1H,dd,J = 7.0,9.0 Hz,H-2″),3.32(1H,dd,J = 9.0,9.0 Hz,H-3″),3.41~3.43(1H,m,H-5),3.47(1H,dd, J = 4.5,12.0 Hz,H-6″),3.48(1H,dd,J = 3.0,9.0 Hz,H-3),3.61~3.63(1H,m,H-5″),3.68(1H,br d,J = 3.0 Hz,H-2),3.87(3H,s,4'-OCH3),3.88(1H,br d,J = 12.0 Hz,H-6″),4.56(1H,br s,H-1),5.07(1H,d,J = 7.0 Hz,H-1″),6.46(1H,br s,H-6),6.80(1H,br s,H-8),6.95(1H,s,H-3),7.15(2H,d,J = 8.5 Hz,H-3',5'),8.05(2H,d,J = 8.5 Hz,H-2',6'),12.92(1H,br s,5-OH)。13C NMR(126 MHz,MeOD)δ:183.9(C-4),166.9(C-2),166.0(C-7),163.4(C-4'),162.1(C-5),159.9(C-9),129.4(C-2',6'),123.6(C-1'),117.7(C-3',5'),105.4(C-10),103.8(C-3),100.5(Rha-C-1),99.9(Glc-C-1),99.6(C-6),94.8(C-8),76.2(Glc-C-3),75.7(GlcC-5),73.1(Glc-C-2),72.0(Rha-C-4),70.7(Glc-C-4),70.3(Rha-C-2),69.6(Rha-C-3),68.3(Rha-C-5),66.1(Glc-C-6),55.5(OCH3),17.7(Rha-C-6)。
3. 讨论
化合物Ⅰ的数据与文献报道[3]的α-香树脂醇基本一致;化合物Ⅱ与文献报道[4]的豆甾醇的数据基本一致;化合物Ⅲ与文献报道[5]的羽扇豆醇的数据基本一致;化合物Ⅳ与文献报道[6]的环桉烯酮的数据基本一致;化合物Ⅴ与文献报道[7]的对羟基苯甲酸乙酯数据基本一致;化合物Ⅵ与文献报道[8]的羽扇豆醇乙酸酯数据基本一致;化合物Ⅶ与文献报道[9]的木犀草素数据基本一致;化合物Ⅷ与文献[10]报道的熊果酸数据基本一致;化合物Ⅸ与文献报道[11]的α-菠甾醇数据基本一致;化合物Ⅹ与文献[12]报道的蒙花苷数据基本一致。
密蒙花乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯层萃取部分经过硅胶柱层析和Spehadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱,再通过波普数据分析与文献数据对比,鉴定了10个单体化合物。它们分别为α-香树脂醇、豆甾醇、羽扇豆醇、环桉烯酮、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯、羽扇豆醇乙酸酯、木犀草素、熊果酸、α-菠甾醇、蒙花苷。其中α-香树脂醇、豆甾醇、羽扇豆醇、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯、熊果酸为该植物中首次分离。密蒙花单体化合物的分离,为以后的药理活性研究提供理论依据,为以后密蒙花的研究、开发和利用奠定基础。
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表 1 不同Kolb学习风格学生的不同学习阶段得分情况 [(
$\bar x \pm s $ ),分]Table 1. Scores of students with different Kolb learning styles in different learning stages[(
$\bar x \pm s $ ),scores]学习风格类型 CE得分 RO得分 AC得分 AE得分 调节型 29.37 ± 5.189 25.25 ± 3.467 25.58 ± 4.180 37.42 ± 4.295 发散型 31.00 ± 4.174 31.37 ± 3.883 28.02 ± 4.287 27.02 ± 4.909 聚合型 27.94 ± 6.907 28.90 ± 4.652 29.166 ± 5.324 31.50 ± 7.353 吸收型 25.75 ± 6.873 32.50 ± 3.445 31.64 ± 7.077 27.52 ± 5.156 表 2 医学生学习风格单因素分析[n(%)]
Table 2. Single factor analysis of Kolb learning style of medical students [n(%)]
项目 人数
(n = 416)调节型
(n = 71)发散型
(n = 163)聚合型
(n = 69)吸收型
(n = 113)χ2 P 性别 男 139(33.4) 24(5.8) 52(12.5) 28(6.7) 35(8.4) 2.067 0.559 女 277(66.6) 47(11.3) 111(26.7) 41(9.9) 78(18.9) 民族 汉族 347(83.4) 55(13.2) 141(33.9) 56(13.5) 95(22.8) 3.229 0.358 少数民族 69(16.6) 16(3.9) 22(5.3) 13(3.1) 18(4.3) 所处学习阶段 本科 336(80.7) 57(13.7) 123(29.8) 57(13.7) 99(23.8) 72.442 < 0.001* 硕士 58(13.9) 11(2.6) 24(5.8) 12(2.9) 11(2.6) 本科规培 22(5.3) 5(1.2) 16(3.9) 1(0.3) 0(0) 专业 临床医学 245(58.9) 43(10.3) 102(24.5) 33(7.9) 67(16.1) 4.494 0.213 非临床医学 171(41.1) 28(6.7) 61(14.7) 36(8.7) 46(11.1) 是否为独生子女 是 107(25.7) 24(5.8) 44(10.6) 13(3.1) 26(6.3) 4.710 0.194 否 309(74.3) 47(11.3) 119(28.6) 56(13.5) 87(21.0) 户口所在地 城镇 145(34.9) 27(6.5) 51(12.3) 25(6.0) 42(10.1) 1.552 0.670 农村 271(65.1) 44(10.6) 112(26.9) 44(10.6) 71(17.1) 是否为调剂 调剂 83(20.0) 14(3.8) 28(6.7) 13(3.1) 28(6.7) 2.490 0.477 非调剂 333(80.0) 57(13.7) 135(32.5) 56(13.5) 85(20.4) 选择专业意愿 自己选择 333(80.0) 53(12.7) 132(31.7) 60(14.4) 88(21.2) 127.421 < 0.001* 家人选择 57(13.7) 10(2.4) 23(5.5) 7(1.7) 17(4.1) 随便选的 26(6.3) 8(1.9) 8(1.9) 2(0.5) 8(1.9) 毕业后选择 本专业相关工作 226(54.3) 33(7.9) 102(24.5) 32(7.7) 59(14.2) 172.954 < 0.001* 继续深造 180(43.3) 34(8.2) 60(14.4) 35(8.4) 51(12.3) 改行工作 10(2.4) 4(1.0) 1(0.2) 2(0.5) 3(0.7) 父母态度 支持 384(92.3) 66(15.9) 153(36.8) 64(15.4) 101(24.3) 418.365 < 0.001* 中立 31(7.5) 4(1.0) 10(2.4) 5(1.2) 12(2.9) 反对 1(0.2) 1(0.2) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) *P < 0.05。 表 3 医学专业学生Kolb学习风格潜在影响因素的多元Logistic回归分析结果
Table 3. Multiple Logistic regression analysis of potential influencing factors of Kolb learning style of medical students
自变量 因变量 OR 95%CI χ2 P 所处阶段
父母态度发散型 本科
硕士
本科规培
支持
中立
反对4.235
-
6.014
-
7.297
7.3621.112~15.513
-
1.415~20.246
-
2.234~10.902
1.134~12.93716.550
10.478
11.010
7.256
0.006
< 0.001*专业
父母态度聚合型 临床医学
非临床医学
支持
中立
反对4.381
-
5.317
-
5.7651.188~15.927
-
1.152~12.950
-
2.054~11.5948.745
9.285
7.216
0.125
< 0.001**P < 0.05。 -
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