Potential Therapeutic Targets and Research Progress of Related Drugs of Heart Failure
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摘要: 心力衰竭是心血管病主要死亡原因之一,随着心力衰竭患病率不断增加,探索寻找新的治疗靶点,进一步减少患者病死率,成为心力衰竭治疗的主要研究方向。主要通过对国内外发表的心力衰竭治疗靶点相关研究论文进行检索和整理,分类综述心力衰竭治疗的相关靶点,包括G蛋白偶联受体家族、Na+/H+交换体、去乙酰化酶家族、炎性细胞因子和趋化因子等,为心力衰竭治疗、新药研发提供新思路。Abstract: Heart failure is one of the main causes of death in cardiovascular diseases. With the increasing prevalence of heart failure, it has become the main research direction to explore new therapeutic targets and further reduce the mortality of patients. This review provided a comprehensive overview of the different targets for heart failure therapy, including the G protein-coupled receptor family, Na+/H+ exchangers, deacetylase family, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines etc., by searching and collating studies related to heart failure therapeutic targets published in China and abroad. It provided new ideas for the treatment of heart failure and the development of new drugs.
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Key words:
- Heart failure /
- Target /
- Drug
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快速高效地建立患者的外周静脉通路是患者救治的重要保障。由于儿童静脉的隐匿性及患儿的躁动性,小儿静脉穿刺是公认的难度系数大的护理操作[1-3]。对于拥有困难静脉通路(difficult intravenous access,DIVA)的患儿,最直接的后果是导致护士的重复穿刺。国内闫亚敏等[4]对902例患儿进行外周静脉穿刺成功率及其影响因素的调查发现,血管状态由好至差的穿刺成功率由93.9%降至51.6%。国外另1项对111名外周静脉穿刺患儿的随机对照研究[5]表明,在无干预措施的情况下,建立儿童外周静脉通路的首次成功率仅为66.6%,耗费时间39~92 min不等,很大程度上延迟了患儿的治疗进程。穿刺失败不仅增加患儿及其家属的焦虑,给患儿带来痛苦,延缓治疗进程,还会导致护患矛盾的激化[6]。这一矛盾的激化,对患者静脉输液和护士自身安全问题提出了挑战,进一步影响了患者及家属对专科护理服务质量的满意度。因此,对困难静脉通路的早期识别和干预尤为重要。在国外,对儿童困难静脉通路进行早期识别并通过优化标准操作规程提高静脉通路置管的成功率已经逐步成为共识[7-9]。而国内目前对困难静脉通路评分在临床的适用性暂无相关报道。因此,本研究将对困难静脉通路评分在儿科外周静脉穿刺中的有效性进行验证,同时探讨其在儿科静脉通路留置策略中的适用性。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
采用便利抽样法,选取于2020年9月至2021年3月在云南昆明一家三级甲等医院儿科的住院患儿作为研究对象。纳入标准:需要进行外周静脉输液治疗的儿科住院患者。排除标准:(1)生命体征不稳定的危重患儿;(2)非儿科住院患儿;(3)使用一次性头皮针输液的患儿;(4)家属不同意接受外周静脉置管的患儿。本研究已获得昆明医科大学附属延安医院伦理委员会批准(2023-131-01)。
1.2 研究工具
参考Riker[9]的三变量儿童DIVA评估工具从静脉可视度、触感及年龄对儿科静脉通路情况进行评估。Riker原评分(后文简称DIVA原评分)为:扎止血带后静脉可见为0 分,不可见为2分,介于两者间为1分;扎止血带后静脉可触及为0分,不可触及为2分,介于两者间为1分;患儿年龄 ≥ 36月为0分,12~35月为1分,< 12月为3分,评分分值范围为0~7分。因年龄 < 12月评为2分较为符合评分习惯,故本研究采用分值范围为0~6分的DIVA评分(后文简称DIVA评分)为此次评分工具。
1.3 研究方法
1.3.1 操作者情况
在数据收集前,研究小组对病区参与静脉输液治疗的护理人员进行了评分表的使用培训,明确了各项的评分标准及填写要求。所有参与静脉输液治疗的护理人员均熟练掌握小儿外周浅静脉置管术操作流程且在本专科工作年限 > 1。
1.3.2 操作流程
首先护理人员根据患儿血管条件选择个人认为最佳的穿刺部位。之后按小儿外周浅静脉置管术操作流程完成穿刺置管。穿刺使用的留置针均为同一厂家的密闭式防针刺伤安全型静脉留置针。穿刺成功指留置针穿刺置入后经生理盐水冲管确认,静脉通路通畅可行输液治疗的状态。同一护理人员对同一患儿第2次穿刺失败,则更换人员进行穿刺。若同一患儿穿刺超过4次仍未建立静脉通路,则启动病区困难静脉穿刺应急预案,报告医生同时请科内静脉治疗小组会诊处置。每次穿刺结束,穿刺者均需参照DIVA评分对穿刺血管的视感、触感及患儿年龄进行评分并记录。
1.3.3 研究指标
本次研究收集数据包括:每次穿刺时的DIVA评分、首次外周静脉穿刺成功率、二次静脉穿刺成功率、患儿穿刺成功平均次数。此外,还将对DIVA原评分和本研究所用DIVA评分的有效性进行比较。
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS 24.0对数据进行统计分析。对DIVA评分总分、外周静脉穿刺成功情况使用频数、构成比或百分比进行描述。采用t检验评价穿刺失败组与成功组评分是否有差异;采用卡方检验评价DIVA评分与常模在预测效能上是否有差异;采用ROC曲线下面积(the area under the ROC curve,AUC)评价DIVA评分的区分度,Hosmer-Lemeshow检验评价其校准度。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1 研究对象穿刺结果及DIVA评分情况
本研究共纳入374名患儿,其中241名年龄在3岁以下,占64.4%。首次穿刺时,约一半的患儿外周静脉可触及(占47.6%)或可见(50.3%)。374名患儿中,有312名患儿只需一次穿刺即可成功建立静脉通路,即首次外周静脉穿刺成功率为83.4%。首次穿刺失败的62名患儿中,二次外周静脉穿刺成功率为87.1%,每位患儿成功建立静脉通路平均需要1.2次穿刺。
DIVA总评分 ≤ 3分的患儿共276名,占73.8%,评分为5或6分的患儿占比仅为7.2%,见表1。从表中可看出随着评分增加,与之对应的穿刺成功率由92.9%逐渐下降至54.5%。
表 1 患儿DIVA评分与首次穿刺成功情况[(n=374),n(%)]Table 1. DIVA scores and success rate of first attempt at IV cannulation [(n=374),n(%)]DIVA总分 n 穿刺失败 穿刺成功 0 84(22.5) 6(7.1) 78(92.9) 1 36(9.6) 4(11.1) 32(88.9) 2 95(25.4) 10(10.5) 85(89.5) 3 61(16.3) 12(19.7) 49(80.3) 4 71(19.0) 19(26.8) 52(73.2) 5 11(2.9) 5(45.5) 6(54.5) 6 16(4.3) 6(37.5) 10(62.5) 合计 374(100) 2.2 DIVA评分的有效性
本次DIVA评分与Riker原评分(国外常模)比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表2。
表 2 DIVA评分与Riker原评分比较[n(%)]Table 2. Comparison between DIVA score and Riker’ s original score [n(%)]组别 n 效果 有效 无效 国外常模 366 260(71.0) 106(29.0) DIVA评分 372 274(73.1) 98(26.3) χ² 0.632 P 0.427 穿刺失败组与穿刺成功组患儿DIVA评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表3。
表 3 穿刺失败组和成功组患儿的DIVA评分比较[($\bar x \pm s $ ),n=374]Table 3. Comparison of DIVA scores among children in the failed puncture group and the successful group [($\bar x \pm s $ ),n=374]穿刺结果 DIVA评分 失败(n=62) 3.18±1.675 成功(n=312) 2.07±1.617 t 4.880 P <0.001* *P < 0.05 以DIVA评分总分为检验变量,以首次穿刺成功为状态变量,行ROC曲线分析,以约登指数最大时所对应的得分值为最佳临界值。结果显示,ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.684,95%CI为0.611~0.758,约登指数最大值为0.302(对应敏感度为0.677,特异性为0.625),即最佳临界值为3。Hosmer-Lemeshow检验结果显示,χ2值为0.948,P > 0.05。对DIVA评分及Riker原评分的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)、Hosmer-Lemeshow检验结果进行比较,结果见图1(Riker原评分的AUC为0.657)、表4。
表 4 Hosmer-Lemeshow检验结果Table 4. Hosmer-Lemeshow test results of DIVA score and Riker’s original score项目 χ² df P DIVA评分 0.948 4 0.918 Riker原评分 1.403 5 0.924 3. 讨论
3.1 住院儿童困难静脉通路现状分析
困难静脉通路的定义为:由于各种因素造成患者体表无可视静脉或触不到静脉而导致没有建立静脉通路条件的状态[10-11]。国外研究认为穿刺次超过2次即视为DIVA[12-14],国内目前有文献[15]认为临床护士2人各2次静脉穿刺失败为DIVA。既往国外研究[16-17]表明,在不同的儿童群体中,8.32%~61.1%的患者存在困难静脉通路,而国内目前尚无相关数据可参考。本研究如参照穿刺超过2次的定义为困难静脉通路,则约16.6%的患儿为DIVA;如参照护士2人各2次静脉穿刺失败的定义,则仅有1.6%的患儿属于DIVA。
因此,对于儿童群体而言,国内定义似乎略为保守,临床工作中可根据实际情况进行考量。
3.2 DIVA评分对儿童困难静脉通路的预测价值
评价临床预测评分的指标主要包括其区分度(Discrimination)和校准度(Calibration)[18]。区分度表示评分对结果的预测能力,对于结果为二分类的变量而言,可通ROC曲线下面积(AUC)进行评价。一般AUC < 0.6认为区分度较差,0.6-0.75认为模型有一定的区分能力,> 0.75认为区分能力较好[19]。本研究显示DIVA评分的AUC为0.684,即该评分对困难静脉通路有一定的识别能力。在校准度方面,可以通过Hosmer-Lemeshow(H-L)检验来评价,该检验主要用来比较实际结果和预测结果的一致程度。所得统计量卡方值越小,对应的P值越大,表明其准确度越好。本研究显示DIVA评分值与预测值之间差异无统计学意义,即对困难静脉通路的预测准确度较好。
此次对DIVA评分的评价结果也与Riker等[9]的研究结果较为一致。但就区分度而言,本评分(AUC = 0.684)优于Riker原评分(AUC = 0.657);就校准度而言,本评分(P = 0.918)与Riker原评分(P = 0.924)的P值均 > 0.05,表明准确度较好。故本研究的赋值方法临床适用性优于Riker的评分版本。
3.3 DIVA评分在儿童静脉留置策略中的适用性
在无辅助装置条件下,儿童外周静脉穿刺成功率约为47.4%~82.6%[20-21]。本研究显示儿科患者首次外周静脉穿刺成功率为83.4%,与国内闫亚敏等[4]的研究结果较为一致。研究显示DIVA评分从0至6分,其首次静脉穿刺成功率逐渐由92.9%降至54.5%。表明DIVA评分越高者,其首次穿刺失败率可能越高。
DIVA评分可以帮助临床护士对具有困难静脉通路的患儿进行早期识别。研究表明DIVA评分超过4时[22],首次穿刺失败的可能性超过50%。本研究374名患儿中,有98名DIVA 评分>3分,其中30名(30.6%)患儿进行了至少2次穿刺。因此在临床工作中,护理人员应对DIVA 评分 ≥ 4分的患儿积极采取干预措施来避免可预见的穿刺失败。国内外目前采用的干预措施有:操作支持(由静疗小组人员完成穿刺)、辅助支持(使用静脉穿刺辅助工具如超声、静脉显影仪等提高静脉可识别度)、静脉血管评估分级配合输液信息卡及静脉穿刺的层级管理[7,23-25]。
3.4 研究的局限性
DIVA评分只能针对困难静脉通路进行预测,无法改变患者的置管结局。外周静脉穿刺成功率的影响因素除患儿年龄、血管条件外,还与患儿配合度、护理人员穿刺技术和信心等[26-27]密切相关。在实际穿刺操作中,患儿时常因疼痛或恐惧而配合不佳,导致穿刺部位固定不良,最终造成穿刺失败。因此在DIVA评分运用过程中,还应结合实际临床情境对外周静脉置管策略进行调整,以提高儿童静脉通路置管的成功率。
DIVA评分对儿科困难静脉通路的识别性较好。在儿童静脉通路留置过程中,DIVA评分可常规用于困难静脉通路的早期识别,为儿童DIVA提供一个便捷、客观、操作性强的评价指标。即当DIVA评分 ≥ 4分时,需要对外周静脉穿刺过程进行干预,以减少可预见的穿刺失败。在此基础上,护理人员也应结合国内外循证证据,优化专科静脉通路留置策略,以提高儿科静脉通路置管的成功率。
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