The Effect of the Bone Window Dimension on the Outcomes of Maxillary Sinus Floor Elevation:Meta-Analysis
-
摘要:
目的 上颌窦底提升术是增加上颌后牙垂直骨量的有效治疗方式,其成功与窦内新骨的形成密切相关。运用系统评价和Meta分析评估骨窗尺寸与上颌窦底提升术后治疗结果的相关性。 方法 电子检索Medline、Pubmed、Embase、Cochrane图书馆数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBMdisc)和中国知识基础设施工程(CNKI),手动检索国家医学图书馆(NLM)。检索日期截止至2022年11月。检索要求包括经侧壁开窗式上颌窦底提升术分析骨窗尺寸与术后治疗结果的临床研究和动物研究,临床研究要求至少10例患者和6个月以上的随访期。3名研究者根据严格的纳入和排除标准独立纳入相关文献并提取数据进行偏倚风险评估,采用Revman 5.3软件进行Meta分析。 结果 经全文阅读后共纳入14篇文章进行系统评价。其中9篇为临床对照研究,6篇评估为低偏倚风险,2篇评估为中等偏倚风险,1篇为高偏倚风险。2种骨窗尺寸均能获得术后理想的上颌窦内骨再生和相似的生物学治疗结果。Meta分析结果显示,新骨矿化率与骨窗尺寸呈负相关性(P < 0.01)。新骨形成率和剩余骨移植材料率在小骨窗和大骨窗组差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。 结论 上颌窦内新骨矿化率与骨窗尺寸呈负相关,因此,经侧壁开窗式上颌窦底提升术中应尽量保存上颌窦侧壁,减小骨窗的制备,才能更大程度地获得窦内新骨的成熟和矿化。 Abstract:Objective Maxillary sinus floor elevation is an effective way to increase the vertical bone mass of maxillary posterior region, and its success is closely related to the formation of new bone. In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between bone window dimension and postoperative outcomes after maxillary sinus floor elevation. Methods An electronic search strategy was performed on Medline, Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library database, Chinese Biology Medicine disc (CBMdisc), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and National Library of Medicine (NLM) up to November 2022. Clinical and animal studies that analyzed the effect of bone window dimension and postoperative outcomes using lateral window elevation were included. Clinical studies with at least ten patients, and a minimum follow-up period of 6 months were included. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, three evaluators independently screened related studies, extracted data, and evaluated risk bias. Meta-analysis was performed by Revman 5.3 software. Results A total of 14 studies were included for the systematic review after the full text reading. 6 studies with low risk of bias, 2 studies with moderate risk of bias and 1 study with high risk of bias were controlled clinical studies. Both of the two bone window dimensions achieved ideal maxillary sinus bone regeneration and similar biological outcomes. The Meta-analysis results showed that mineralized bone% was negatively correlated with the bone window dimension (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the new bone%, residual graft material% between the small bone window and the large bone window groups. Conclusion Negative correlation has been observed between the mineralized bone%and the dimension of bone window. Therefore, the lateral wall should be preserved as much as possible during the maxillary sinus floor elevation. Reducing the bone window has a positive effect on the maturity and mineralization of new bone. -
冠心病(coronary artery disease,CAD)已经成为危害国民健康的首要疾病,CAD可以导致冠状动脉狭窄或闭塞,供血心肌出现心肌梗死的严重后果,随着各种心脏和冠状动脉检查手段的提高,CAD的检出率逐年提高,对于中重度狭窄的患者,主要的治疗手段就是进行再血管化,经皮冠状动脉介入术(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)就是CAD的重要治疗方法[1]。但是PCI术后患者的诊断疗效的评估是临床常见的问题,进行经皮CAG检查属于有创检查,由于CT冠状动脉造影(coronary computed tomography angiography,CCTA)的无创及简便的优点,CCTA进行PCI术后患者的就成为临床和患者的首选方法。但是单纯的CCTA仅能提供支架内情况[2],对于心肌缺血是否有进展或缓解不能作出评估,PCI是否能缓解患者心肌缺血的情况也不能得到准确的诊断。CT心肌灌注显像(CT myocardial perfusion imaging,CT-MPI)是一项功能成像技术,国内外多项研究已经验证了其诊断冠心病患者心肌缺血的诊断效能,由于PCI术后的患者由于心肌再灌注的情况不同,不适用全部进行心脏的负荷灌注检查,所以本研究使用CCTA联合静息CTMPI对PCI术后患者进行支架的形态学评估及心肌缺血情况的诊断,对PCI术后患者心肌缺血情况进行评估,探讨PCI术后的CAD患者心肌灌注情况及临床应用价值。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
收集病例2017年11月至2019年6月间在昆明医科大学第一附属医院医行PCI术后的22例患者行冠状动脉CT血管造影联合静息态下心肌灌注检查分析,男性12例,女性10例,年龄39~82岁,平均(61.2±12.6)岁。纳入标准:PCI术后6个月~2 a,未使用影响心功能的药物,无CT-MPI及CCTA检查禁忌症,心率在70~90次/min且律齐,同意接受静息CT-MPI检查,诊断图像清晰。排除标准:心律失常,碘对比剂不适用者,图像伪影严重、不能用于诊断,合并冠状动脉支架外其他分支的狭窄;心肌病或心肌炎等影响心肌灌注的疾病。所有患者均未使用药物控制心率。
1.2 检查方法
采用Revolution CT(GE American)进行扫描,对22例PCI术后患者进行静息心肌灌注,应用双筒高压(拜耳MedRad双筒高压注射器)注射器经右侧肘前静脉注射碘对比剂(碘海醇 350 mgI/mL扬子江医药公司),先进行静息态CT-MPI,扫描参数为80 KV,240 mA,扫描范围为升主动脉根部-心尖下缘,对比剂剂量为25 mL,对比剂速率为2.5 mL/s,造影剂注射完成后以同样的流率注射生理盐水40 mL,选取心动周期75%进行采集,灌注完成后以3.5 mL/s的流率注入生理盐水30 mL进行对比剂的“洗脱”,于洗脱后10 min进行冠状动脉常规CCTA检查;扫描参数为100 KV,300 mA,扫描范围为升主动脉根部-心尖下缘,对比剂剂量为1 mL/kg,对比剂速率为4~5 mL/s,后注射40 mL生理盐水,获取原始数据。
1.3 图像后处理分析
扫描完成后将灌注数据重建为层厚0.625 mm,层间隔0.625 mm,将重建后的图像传入GE adw 4.7工作站,进行图像校准,采用CTP软件分析,得出心肌时间密度曲线(time-density curve,TDC);计算得到心肌血流量(myocardial blood flow,MBF)、心肌血容量(myocardial blood volume,MBV)、达峰时间(mean transit time,MTT)、平均增长率(mean slope of increase,MSI),由两名高年资心血管放射诊断医师进行分析。左心室灌注分析根据美国心脏病学会(AHA)的16节段标准(不包括17段心尖段)。CCTA评估指标包括支架位置、支架内管腔通畅与否、靶血管是否有其他斑块。根据,CCTA及CT-MPI后处理结果选取支架所在血管支配心肌节段中灌注较低区指标作为病变组数据,在同一患者中选取无病变血管所支配的心肌节段区作为对照组数据。
1.4 超声心动图检查
与CCT检查的间隔时间在72 h之内。超声心动图机型:(GE公司 VidVid-7型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,探头频率为2.5 MHz),超声心动图测量方法:平静状态下受检者于左侧卧位,将探头置于心尖区,进行二维超声心动图检查,调整探头声束方向以及深度、增益等条件使心尖四腔图像中左室心内膜显示完整而界限分明,嘱受检者平静呼吸,在标准左心室长轴切面上将取样线定于腱索水平,获得图像。
1.5 统计学处理
采用SPSS统计学软件进行数据统计,计量资料用(
$\bar x\pm s $ )表示,计数资料用n(%)表示,采用χ2分析,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。2. 结果
22例PCI术后CTCA检查结果见表1,共31个支架,其中同一血管置入2个及2个以上的支架6例,4例支架内出现斑块,管腔轻度狭窄。
表 1 PCI检出情况Table 1. Detection of PCI in patients项目 数量(%) 支架位置 LAD:20/31(64.5) LCX:7/31(22.5) RCA:4/31(12.9) 支架数量(个) 31 支架通畅(例) 27(87.1) 支架内狭窄(例) 4(12.9) 22例患者心脏超声左心室室壁运动异常情况见表2,22例患者中共有10例患者(26个节段)出现室壁运动异常,其中室间隔提示异常8例(14个节段),左心室前壁运动异常5例(5个节段),左心室游离壁运动异常6例(7个节段),支架内再狭窄患者均出现室壁运动异常情况,支架通畅患者有6例出现室壁运动异常情况,见图1。
表 2 PCI术后患者心脏超声提示心肌运动异常情况Table 2. Abnormal myocardial motion revealed by echocardiography after PCI位置 n n/节段(%) 室间隔 8 8/14(53.8) 左心室前壁 5 5/5(19.2) 游离壁 6 6/7(26.9) 22例PCI术后患者中,CTMPI检出9例心肌灌注异常,13例无心肌缺血患者;CCTA检出4例心肌缺血患者,18例无心肌缺血;联合检查检出10例心肌缺血,12例无心肌缺血,联合检查结果和心脏超声检查结果相同,见表3。
表 3 各项检查的诊断结果(n)Table 3. The diagnosis results of various examinations(n)心肌缺血 CCTA 静息CTMPI 联合检查 合计 阳性 阴性 阳性 阴性 阳性 阴性 阳性 4 6 9 1 10 0 10 阴性 0 12 0 12 0 12 12 合计 4 18 9 13 10 12 22 CCTA、静息CTMPI、联合检查与心脏超声比较,各项检查,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);CTMPI和联合检查的准确性较高,为90%、100%,联合检查比单纯的CCTA检查更能提高患者心肌缺血的检出,同时还可以评估支架内是否出现再狭窄情况,见表4。
表 4 不同检查方法与心脏超声诊断的对照[n(%)]Table 4. Comparison of different examination methods with echocardiography[n(%)]题目 名称 心脏超声检查 总计(n) χ2 P 阴性 阳性 CCTA 阴性 12(66.67) 6(33.33) 18 5.867 0.015* 阳性 0(0.00) 4(100.00) 4 CTMP 阴性 11(91.67) 1(8.33) 12 14.673 0.000** 阳性 1(10.00) 9(90.00) 10 联合 阴性 12(100.00) 0(0.00) 12 22 0.000** 阳性 0(0.00) 10(100.00) 10 总计 11 10 22 *P < 0.05,**P < 0.01。 3. 讨论
冠状动脉狭窄或闭塞的治疗目标是恢复心肌组织水平的再灌注、减少心肌缺血。PCI手术是采用介入技术使狭窄冠脉通畅,因其操作简单、创伤小广泛应用在CAD患者中[1-2]。对于稳定型冠心病患者经过药物治疗临床症状未缓解或仍存在心肌缺血,且预判行PCI或GABA手术患者获益大于潜在风险,可根据患者具体条件选择相应的治疗方法[2-3]。但实际上不同的医生对行PCI或GABA手术对患者的潜在获益是否大于风险具有一定的主观性。研究表明,心外膜血管恢复正常的前向血流时,相应心肌组织并没有完全有效的恢复血流灌注,这一现象提示了病变心肌可能存在微循环障碍[4-5]。所以准确的评估心肌梗死后心肌再灌注情况,对心肌梗死治疗预后的重要意义。CT-MPI为功能学成像技术[6],可以显示PCI术后患者的相应供血区域心肌灌注的情况,也包括了心肌微循环的情况。由于PCI术后患者需要进行CTA检查了解支架内有无再狭窄情况[7],而且PCI患者由于心肌再灌注的情况不同,不适用于心脏的负荷灌注检查,可能会出现急性心肌缺血事件,所以本研究应用CCTA联合静息MPI来提示PCI术后患者心肌组织水平再灌注,是一种较好的检查的方法,CCTA可以提供冠状动脉的解剖学改变[8],也可观察支架内情况,MPI可以提示是否存在心肌的灌注的减低和缺损[9-10],和心脏超声提示的心肌运动异常是高度相符的。
PCI治疗的远期效果目前进行了多种研究,对于急性冠脉综合征患者PCI可以减轻症状、避免心肌梗死的进一步扩大[11]。但对于慢性CAD患者来说,PCI治疗与最佳药物治疗对患者的远期预后无显著差异,PCI其实是一种对症治疗,未对造成疾病的病因进行治疗,因此PCI治疗并不能改善所有冠状动脉狭窄患者的预后。Marzilli调查了在稳定CAD患者中采用PCI治疗的数据表明[12],PCI术后仍有大量患者出现心绞痛,而且这一比例会随着时间的推移而增加。在他随访的1 a中,经历持续性心绞痛的患者在手术后好转66%、未改变33%及恶化1%。本研究结果与以上结论一致,因此推断冠状动脉微血管功能障碍可能是持续性心绞痛的可能原因。本研究在对PCI术后患者进行CTCA及CT-MPI联合分析时得出,病变区域即使进行了血管再通,也可能存在没有完全改善心肌组织水平的再灌注,仍然存在PCI术后患者的心肌血流量减少的情况。
所以本研究认为对于PCI术后患者,其心肌血流量较正常减低,但CTCA提示支架通畅,可能提示动脉微血管障碍,需引起临床医生的进一步重视。行CTCA联合静息CT-MPI检查,既可以明确支架内的情况,也可以判断心肌组织水平的再灌注情况及冠状动脉介入治疗的疗效。但本研究样本量较少,所得的结果需要大样本研究进一步确认。
-
表 1 纳入文献特征表
Table 1. The characteristics of the articles
作者
发表年限研究
设计患者
(n)上颌窦
(n*)小骨窗(n*) 大骨窗(n*) 骨窗尺寸
(mm2)骨移植材料和
生物膜的类型种植体
植入时机愈合
时间结果测量方法 种植体存活率 生物学并发症 Yu
2017a随机对照试验 20 21 11 10 小骨窗:80.68 ± 6.17
大骨窗:114.31 ± 14.08Bio-Oss®: 100%
可吸收生物膜(大骨窗)
无生物膜覆盖(小骨窗)6个月后 6个月 组织形态学 NR 小骨窗:窦膜穿孔9.1%、
软组织塌陷18.2%
大骨窗:窦膜穿孔11.1%、
软组织塌陷44.4%Yu
2017b随机对照试验 19 20 11 9 小骨窗:81.65 ± 4.59
大骨窗:118.04 ± 19.53Bio-Oss®:90%
自体骨:10%
可吸收生物膜6个月后 6个月 组织形态学 小骨窗:100%
大骨窗:100%小骨窗:窦膜穿孔10%、
软组织塌陷18.2%
大骨窗:窦膜穿孔0%
软组织塌陷44.4%Imai
2020随机对照试验 20 20 10 10 小骨窗:49
大骨窗:98Osteobiol Gen-Os
可吸收生物膜6个月后 9个月 组织形态学 NR 窦膜穿孔:3例 Lu
2018队列研究 49 51 26 25 小骨窗:35.25 ± 9.19
大骨窗:47.49 ± 8.27Bio-Oss®: 100%
可吸收生物膜同期植入 6个月 CBCT 小骨窗:100%
大骨窗:94.28%小骨窗:窦膜穿孔7.69%
大骨窗:窦膜穿孔4%Nicola
2016随机对照试验 16 32 16 16 小骨窗:30.9 ± 4.4
大骨窗:73.7 ± 10.1Bio-Oss®: 100%
可吸收生物膜6个月后 6个月 CBCT NR 小骨窗:窦膜穿孔18.75%、
术中出血2例
大骨窗:窦膜穿孔25%Ahmed 2021 随机对照试验 20 30 15 15 小骨窗:20.88 ± 1.67
大骨窗:78.33 ± 3.67未植骨
可吸收生物膜同期植入 6个月 CBCT 小骨窗:100%
大骨窗:100%小骨窗:窦膜穿孔6.67%
大骨窗:窦膜穿孔6.67%Kawakami
2019随机对照试验 20 20 10 10 小骨窗:48.7 ± 14.7
大骨窗:98.3 ± 27.1Osteobiol Gen-Os
可吸收生物膜6个月后 9个月 CBCT NR 小骨窗:窦膜穿孔20%
大骨窗:窦膜穿孔20%牟永斌
2016队列研究 29 29 15 14 小骨窗:29.66 ± 5.2
大骨窗:141.2 ± 6.9Bio-Oss®: 100%
可吸收生物膜同期植入 6个月 CBCT 小骨窗:100%
大骨窗:100%小骨窗:窦膜穿孔0%
大骨窗:窦膜穿孔0%李文超
2020队列研究 30 30 15 15 小骨窗:31.69 ± 4.12
大骨窗:105.8 ± 9.34Bio-Oss®: 100%
可吸收生物膜同期植入 6个月 CBCT NR 小骨窗:窦膜穿孔6.67%
大骨窗:窦膜穿孔0%注:n指患者人数,n*代表行上颌窦提升术的窦腔数量。NR指未报道。 表 2 纳入研究中队列研究的偏倚风险评估
Table 2. Bias risk assessment of cohort studies
研究 研究对象
的代表性研究对象
的选择暴露因素的
测量方法研究开始前没有
研究对象发生
结局事件基于设计或分析
所得的队列的
可比性结局事件
的评估为观察到结局
发生,随访
是否充分随访的
完整性合计 Lu (2018) * * * * * * − 6 牟永斌(2016) * * * * − 4 李文超(2020) * * * * * − 5 *代表每个评估方面得1分,−代表每个评估方面无得分,总分为8分。 -
[1] Tatum H Jr. Maxillary and sinus implant reconstructions[J]. Dent Clin North Am,1986,30(2):207-229. doi: 10.1016/S0011-8532(22)02107-3 [2] Boyne P J,James R A. Grafting of the maxillary sinus floor with autogenous marrow and bone[J]. J Oral Surg,1980,38(8):613-616. [3] Zitzmann N U,Schärer P. Sinus elevation procedures in the resorbed posterior maxilla. Comparison of the crestal and lateral approaches[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod,1998,85(1):8-17. doi: 10.1016/S1079-2104(98)90391-2 [4] Van den Bergh J P,Ten Bruggenkate C M,Krekeler G,et al. Maxillary sinus floor elevation and grafting with human demineralized freeze dried bone[J]. Clin Oral Implants Res,2000,11(5):487-493. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.2000.011005487.x [5] Schlegel K A,Zimmermann R,Thorwarth M,et al. Sinus floor elevation using autogenous bone or bone substitute combined with platelet-rich plasma[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod,2007,104(3):e15-e25. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.04.021 [6] Testori T . Maxillary sinus surgery and alternatives in treatment[M]. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing USA, 2009: 194. [7] Vercellotti T,De Paoli S,Nevins M. The piezoelectric bony window osteotomy and sinus membrane elevation: Introduction of a new technique for simplification of the sinus augmentation procedure[J]. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent,2001,21(6):561-567. [8] Cheon K J,Yang B E,Cho S W,et al. Lateral window design for maxillary sinus graft based on the implant position[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health,2020,17(17):6335. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176335 [9] Pariente L,Dada K,Daas M. Mini-lateral windows for minimally invasive maxillary sinus augmentation: Case series of a new technique[J]. Implant Dentistry,2014,23(4):371-377. [10] Imai H,Iezzi G,Piattelli A,et al. Influence of the dmensions of the antrostomy on osseointegration of mini-implants placed in the grafted region after sinus floor elevation: A randomized clinical trial[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants,2020,35(3):591-598. doi: 10.11607/jomi.8005 [11] Lu W,Xu J,Wang H M,et al. Influence of lateral windows with decreased vertical height following maxillary sinus floor augmentation: A 1-year clinical and radiographic study[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants,2018,33(3):661-670. doi: 10.11607/jomi.6213 [12] Barone A,Santini S,Marconcini S,et al. Osteotomy and membrane elevation during the maxillary sinus augmentation procedure. A comparative study: Piezoelectric device vs. conventional rotative instruments[J]. Clin Oral Implants Res,2008,19(5):511-515. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01498.x [13] Avila-Ortiz G,Wang H L,Galindo-Moreno P,et al. Influence of lateral window dimensions on vital bone formation following maxillary sinus augmentation[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants,2012,27(5):1230-1238. [14] Aldahouk A , Elbeialy R R , Gibaly A , et al. The assessment of the effect of the size of lateral‐antrostomy in graftless balloon elevation of the maxillary sinus membrane with simultaneous implant placement (a randomized controlled clinical trial)[J]. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 2021, 23(1): 31-42. [15] Baldini N,D'Elia C,Bianco A,et al. Lateral approach for sinus floor elevation: Large versus small bone window - a split-mouth randomized clinical trial[J]. Clin Oral Implants Res,2017,28(8):974-981. doi: 10.1111/clr.12908 [16] Yu H,He D,Qiu L. A prospective randomized controlled trial of the two-window technique without membrane versus the solo-window technique with membrane over the osteotomy window for maxillary sinus augmentation[J]. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res,2017,19(6):1099-1105. doi: 10.1111/cid.12547 [17] Page M J,Mckenzie J E,Bossuyt P M,et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews[J]. PLoS Medicine,2021,18(3):e1003583. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003583 [18] Higgins J P T,Altman D G,Gtzsche P C,et al. The cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials[J]. BMJ,2011,10(18):343. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d5928 [19] Wells G,Shea B,O'Connell D,et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of case-control studies in meta-analyses[J]. European Journal of Epidemiology,2011,1(25):603-605. [20] Yu H,Qiu L. A prospective randomized controlled trial of two-window versus solo-window technique by lateral sinus floor elevation in atrophic posterior maxilla: Results from a 1-year observational phase[J]. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res,2017,19(5):783-792. doi: 10.1111/cid.12505 [21] Kawakami S,Lang N P,Ferri M,et al. Influence of the height of the antrostomy in sinus floor elevation assessed by cone beam computed tomography - a randomized clinical trial[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants,2019,34(1):223-232. doi: 10.11607/jomi.7112 [22] 牟永斌,程然,吕昊昕,等. 改良小骨窗在上颌窦外提升术中的应用[J]. 江苏大学学报(医学版),2016,26(6):510-514. [23] 李文超,阮宁,李昊轩,等. 改良小开窗在低位上颌窦底外提升术中的应用[J]. 中国当代医药,2020,27(26):27. [24] Liqin Z,Jiakang Y,Jiaxing G,et al. Optimized beagle model for maxillary sinus floor augmentation via a mini-lateral window with simultaneous implant placement[J]. The Journal of international medical research,2018,46(11):4684-4692. [25] Zhu L,Yang J,Gong J,et al. Early bone formation in mini-lateral window sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implant placement: An in vivo experimental study[J]. Clin Oral Implants Res,2021,32(4):448-459. doi: 10.1111/clr.13714 [26] Scala A,Viña-Almunia J,Carda C,et al. Sequential healing of the elevated sinus floor with different size of antrostomy: A histomorphometric study in rabbits[J]. Oral Maxillofac Surg,2020,24(4):403-410. doi: 10.1007/s10006-020-00859-2 [27] Bornstein M M,Chappuis V,von Arx T,et al. Performance of dental implants after staged sinus floor elevation procedures: 5-year results of a prospective study in partially edentulous patients[J]. Clin Oral Implants Res,2008,19(10):1034-1043. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01573.x [28] Lundgren S,Cricchio G,Hallman M,et al. Sinus floor elevation procedures to enable implant placement and integration: Techniques,biological aspects and clinical outcomes[J]. Periodontol,2016,73(1):103-120. [29] Danesh-Sani S A,Loomer P M,Wallace S S. A comprehensive clinical review of maxillary sinus floor elevation: Anatomy,techniques,biomaterials and complications[J]. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2016,54(7):724-730. doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2016.05.008 [30] Galindo-Moreno P,Hernández-Cortés P,Mesa F,et al. Slow resorption of anorganic bovine bone by osteoclasts in maxillary sinus augmentation[J]. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res,2013,15(6):858-866. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8208.2012.00445.x [31] Haas R,Baron M,Donath K,et al. Porous hydroxyapatite for grafting the maxillary sinus: A comparative histomorphometric study in sheep[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants,2002,17(3):337-346. [32] Scala A,Botticelli D,Rangel IG Jr,et al. Early healing after elevation of the maxillary sinus floor applying a lateral access: A histological study in monkeys[J]. Clin Oral Implants Res,2010,21(12):1320-1326. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.01964.x [33] Miyamoto S,Shinmyouzu K,Miyamoto I,et al. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analysis of human maxillary sinus-floor augmentation using porous β-tricalcium phosphate for dental implant treatment[J]. Clin Oral Implants Res,2013,24(Suppl A100):134-138. [34] Scala A,Botticelli D,Faeda R S,et al. Lack of influence of the Schneiderian membrane in forming new bone apical to implants simultaneously installed with sinus floor elevation: An experimental study in monkeys[J]. Clin Oral Implants Res,2012,23(2):175-181. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02227.x [35] Zaffe D,D'Avenia F. A novel bone scraper for intraoral harvesting: A device for filling small bone defects[J]. Clin Oral Implants Res,2007,18(4):525-533. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01368.x [36] Stacchi C,Spinato S,Lombardi T,et al. Minimally invasive management of implant-supported rehabilitation in the posterior maxilla,part I. sinus floor elevation: Biologic principles and materials[J]. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent,2020,40(3):e85-e93. doi: 10.11607/prd.4497 [37] Wang H L,Boyapati L. "PASS" principles for predictable bone regeneration[J]. Implant Dent,2006,15(1):8-17. doi: 10.1097/01.id.0000204762.39826.0f [38] Simonpieri A,Choukroun J,Del Corso M,et al. Simultaneous sinus-lift and implantation using microthreaded implants and leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin as sole grafting material: A six-year experience[J]. Implant Dent,2011,20(1):2-12. doi: 10.1097/ID.0b013e3181faa8af [39] Scarano A,de Oliveira P S,Traini T,et al. Sinus membrane elevation with heterologous cortical lamina: A randomized study of a new surgical technique for maxillary sinus floor augmentation without bone graft[J]. Materials (Basel),2018,11(8):1457. doi: 10.3390/ma11081457 [40] Menassa G,Kassir A R,Landi L,et al. Implant placement with graftless sinus floor elevation via the lateral approach: A case series with 4 years post-loading radiographical outcomes and implant survival rate[J]. J Craniofac Surg,2022,33(5):e461-e465. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000008356 [41] Menassa G,Kassir A R,Landi L,et al. Implant placement with sinus floor elevation via the lateral approach using only absorbable collagen sponge: 12-month post-loading radiographical outcomes and implant survival rate[J]. Oral Maxillofac Surg,2021,25(2):231-236. doi: 10.1007/s10006-020-00908-w [42] Schmitz J P,Hollinger J O. The critical size defect as an experimental model for craniomandibulofacial nonunions[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,1986,4(205):299-308. -