The Analysis of the Correlation between BTLA,CTLA-4 Gene Polymorphisms and the Efficacy and Prognosis of TACE Combined Targeted Therapy for Liver Cancer
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摘要:
目的 探讨B及T淋巴细胞弱化因子(BTLA)、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原-4(CTLA-4)基因多态性与肝癌经动脉插管化疗栓塞(TACE)联合靶向治疗疗效及预后相关性。 方法 选取2021年1月至2021年12月期间南通大学附属医院介入放射科收治的新发85例肝癌患者作为研究对象,均行TACE联合靶向治疗,根据RECIST实体瘤疗效评价标准将患者分为治疗有效组(n = 58)、疾病进展组(n = 27),比较2组临床资料、BTLA、CTLA-4基因多态性,分析BTLA、CTLA-4基因多态性与疗效的相关性,并于治疗后18个月电话随访生存状况,对比不同基因型患者生存状况,分析其与生存预后的相关性。 结果 CTLA-4 rs231775、rs733618、rs3087243、rs4553808位点、BTLA rs2171513、rs3112270、rs1982809、rs16859629位点基因型均符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律;治疗有效组BTLA rs3112270位点AG、GG基因型比例、rs1982809位点GA、AA比例、rs16859629位点CC基因型、CTLA-4 rs231775位点AA基因型比例、rs3087243位点GA、AA基因型低于疾病进展组,BTLA rs3112270位点AA基因型比例、rs1982809位点GG比例、rs16859629位点TT基因型、CTLA-4 rs231775位点GG基因型比例、rs3087243位点GG基因型高于疾病进展组(P < 0.05);单因素、多因素分析显示,BTLA rs3112270 A > G、rs1982809 G > A、rs16859629 T > C、CTLA-4 rs231775 A > G、rs3087243 G > A与疗效相关(P < 0.05);BTLA rs3112270位点AA、AG基因型患者18个月生存率高于GG基因型患者,rs1982809位点GG、GA基因型患者18个月生存率高于AA基因型患者,rs16859629位点TT基因型患者18个月生存率高于TC、CC基因型患者(P < 0.05);CTLA-4 rs231775位点GG、GA基因型患者18个月生存率高于AA基因型患者、rs3087243位点GG基因型18个月生存率高于GA、AA基因型患者(P < 0.05);单因素、多因素分析显示,BTLA rs3112270 A > G、rs1982809 G > A、rs16859629 T > C、CTLA-4 rs231775 A > G、rs3087243 G > A与生存预后相关(P < 0.05)。 结论 BTLA基因rs3112270、rs1982809、rs16859629、CTLA-4基因rs231775、rs3087243位点多态性与肝癌TACE联合靶向治疗疗效、预后密切相关,以期为预估TACE治疗提供参考。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the correlation between gene polymorphisms of B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and the efficacy and prognosis of targeted therapy combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for liver cancer. Methods Eighty-five new hepatocellular carcinoma patients admitted to the Department of Interventional Radiology of Nantong University Hospital between 2021-01-01 and 2021-12-31 were selected for the study, and all of them were treated with TACE combined with targeted therapy. According to the RECIST solid tumor efficacy evaluation criteria, the patients were divided into the effective treatment group (n = 58) and the disease progression group (n = 27). The clinical data, BTLA, CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms between the 2 groups were compared and the correlation between BTLA, CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms and efficacy were analyzed, And follow-up survival status by phone at 18 months after the treatment was conducted to compare the survival status of patients with different genotypes, and analyze their correlation with survival prognosis. Results CTLA-4 rs231775, rs733618, rs3087243, rs4553808, BTLA and the genotypes of rs2171513, rs3112270, rs1982809 and rs16859629 all conformed to Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic balance. The BTLA rs3112270 AG, GG genotype ratio, rs1982809 GA, AA ratio, rs16859629 CC genotype, CTLA-4 rs231775 AA genotype ratio, rs3087243 GA, AA genotype ratio in the treatment effective group were all lower than those in the disease progression group, while the proportion of AA genotype at BTLA rs3112270, GG genotype at rs1982809, TT genotype at rs16859629, GG genotype at CTLA-4 rs231775, and GG genotype at rs3087243 were all higher than those in the disease progression group (P < 0.05); Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that BTLA rs3112270 A > G, rs1982809 G > A, rs16859629 T > C, CTLA-4 rs231775 A > G, rs3087243 G > A were all associated with the efficacy (P < 0.05); The 18 month survival rate of BTLA rs3112270 AA and AG genotype patients was higher than that of GG genotype patients, rs1982809 GG and GA genotype patients were higher than that of AA genotype patients, and rs16859629 TT genotype patients are higher than those of TC and CC genotype patients (P < 0.05); The 18 month survival rate of patients with CTLA-4 rs231775 GG and GA genotypes was higher than that of patients with AA genotypes, and the 18 month survival rate of GG genotype at rs3087243 was higher than that of patients with GA and AA genotypes (P < 0.05); Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that BTLA rs3112270 A > G, rs1982809 G > A, rs16859629 T > C, CTLA-4 rs231775 A > G, rs3087243 G > A were all associated with the survival prognosis (P < 0.05). Conclusion The polymorphisms of BTLA gene rs3112270, rs1982809, rs16859629, CTLA-4 gene rs231775, rs3087243 are closely related to the efficacy and prognosis of TACE combined with the targeted therapy for liver cancer and these will provide the reference for predicting TACE treatment. -
Key words:
- BTLA /
- CTLA-4 /
- Gene polymorphism /
- Liver cancer /
- TACE /
- Targeted therapy /
- Curative effect /
- Prognosis /
- Correlation
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肝癌目前在我国是第四大恶性肿瘤,其致死率位居第二,仅次于肺癌,肝癌早期隐匿,疾病进展较快,绝大多数患者确诊时已经处于中晚期或伴有严重肝硬化,此时已经失去最佳手术治疗时机,而介入治疗是其有效替代最佳治疗方案[1-2]。经动脉插管化疗栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)是目前治疗中晚期肝癌患者常用手段,可有效杀伤肿瘤病灶,改善机体免疫功能、生活质量[3]。临床评价TACE疗效和预后主要依靠影像学数段,从肿瘤数目、大小等表观学方面进行评价[4],但从微观基因方面评价疗效和预后的研究少见。人类基因组计划研究显示,不同个体间相同基因组序列同源度达99%以上,其余约1%为遗传变异,多见于单碱基改变,即单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)[5]。最近研究发现,B及T淋巴细胞弱化因子(B and T lymphocyte attenuator,BTLA)、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原-4(cytotoxicT-lymphocyte antigen-4,CTLA-4)等基因多态性与多种肿瘤易感性密切相关,其基因位点突变可增加肿瘤发生[6-7]。基于以上背景,本研究创新性观察BTLA、CTLA-4基因多态性与肝癌TACE联合靶向治疗疗效及预后相关性。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 病例选择
选取2021年1月至2021年12月南通大学附属医院介入放射科收治的新发85例肝癌患者作为研究对象,其中男65例,女20例;年龄36~65岁,平均(52.35±5.34)岁;Child-Pugh分级:75例A级,10例B级;BCLC分期:20例B期,65例C期。纳入标准:符合《原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2019年版)》[8]诊断标准,经病理学检查确诊;均行TACE联合靶向治疗;美国东部肿瘤协作组体能状态评分均为0~1分;Child-Pugh分级为A级、B级;BCLC分期为B期、C期;TACE前白细胞≥4.0×109/L、血红蛋白≥8.0 g/L;无全身性感染疾病;近3个月无免疫抑制、激素药物治疗史。排除标准:大量腹水经治疗后不能消除;近3个月出现消化道出血;既往存在肝移植、放化疗或系统性等治疗;严重脾功能亢进;其他恶性肿瘤;预计生存期 < 6个月;免疫系统疾病;妊娠期或哺乳期女性。本研究获得南通大学附属医院医学伦理委员会批准(批号:2020-K024-01)。
1.2 治疗方法
所有受试者均在Innova IGS540 DSA血管造影X射线机(美国GE公司)行TACE治疗。操作步骤:常规碘伏消毒、1%利多卡因局部麻醉,采用Seldinger改良法经右侧股动脉穿刺置鞘,置入5F RH导管至腹腔干、肠系膜上动脉,行碘克沙醇造影,确定肿瘤供血动脉。用Progreat微导管或Merit微导管超选进入肝脏肿瘤动脉供血分支中,灌注表柔比星0~30 mg、洛铂20~30 mg化疗药物,予表柔比星10 mg与碘化油混制乳剂10~25 mL栓塞,至肿瘤内碘油沉积致密后终止栓塞。最后再次造影,显示肿瘤供血动脉分支栓塞满意后结束手术。所有入组患者均在TACE治疗后3~7 d开始口服索拉非尼(400 mg bid)或仑伐替尼( < 60 kg患者,8 mg,qd;≥60 kg患者,12 mg,qd),如患者出现药物相关严重不良事件则适当减少剂量或停药观察。
疗效评估:治疗1个月后,根据RECIST实体瘤疗效评价标准进行疗效评估[9],完全缓解:肿瘤病灶完全消失,部分缓解:病灶直径减小≥50%,稳定:病灶直径减小 < 50%,进展:病灶直径增加 > 25%或出现新病灶。有效组:完全缓解、部分缓解、稳定;疾病进展组:进展。
1.3 BTLA、CTLA-4基因多态性检测
采集2组患者静脉血3 mL,经抗凝处理后,按照DNA抽提试剂盒(上海生工公司)提取患者DNA,并对其进行检测定量。获取CTLA-4基因rs231775、rs733618、rs3087243、rs4553808位点、BTLA基因rs2171513、rs3112270、rs1982809、rs16859629T位点,设计并合成SNP位点扩增引物,PCR体系如下:2 μL DNA模板(10 ng/μL),上下游引物各1 μL,15 μL 2×PCR Ready Mix,在PCR仪进行扩增,程序为:94℃预变性4 min、94℃变性30 s、60℃退火30 s、72℃延伸30 s,共35次循环,72℃终延伸10 min,4℃保存。反应结束后,采用1%琼脂糖胶电泳检测PCR产物,确定产物大小,用AMPure XP磁珠纯化、回收。最后使用HiSeq XTen测序仪进行测序。采用panel高通量数据分析基因分型。
1.4 观察指标
(1)比较2组临床资料,包括性别、肿瘤最大径、年龄、肿瘤数目、BMI、Child-Pugh分级、BCLC分期、肝外转移、血管侵犯;(2)分析BTLA、CTLA-4基因多态性检测结果,CTLA-4 rs231775、rs733618、rs3087243、rs4553808位点、BTLA rs2171513、rs3112270、rs1982809、rs16859629T位点均符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律;(3)比较2组BTLA、CTLA-4基因位点基因型;(4)单因素、多因素分析BTLA、CTLA-4基因多态性与疗效的相关性;(5)比较不同BTLA、CTLA-4基因位点基因型患者生存预后状况;(6)单因素、多因素分析BTLA、CTLA-4基因多态性与生存预后的相关性。
1.5 统计学处理
临床病历资料收集使用EXCEL 2019,数据处理使用软件SPSS 25.0,计数资料用n(%)表示,采用χ2检验,等级资料用Ridit检验;计量资料呈方差齐性、近似服从呈正态分布以(
$\bar x \pm s $ )表示,采用t检验;采用K-M法绘制生存曲线,单因素、Logistic多因素回归分析BTLA、CTLA-4基因多态性与疗效、预后相关性。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。2. 结果
2.1 2组临床资料
2组年龄、性别、BMI差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);肿瘤最大径、肿瘤数目、Child-Pugh分级、BCLC分期、肝外转移、血管侵犯差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表1。
表 1 2组临床资料比较[n(%)/($\bar{x} \pm s$ )]Table 1. Comparison of clinical data between two groups [n(%)/($\bar{x} \pm s$ )]资料 治疗有效组(n = 58) 疾病进展组(n = 27) t/χ2 P 性别 0.552 0.457 男 43(74.14) 22(81.48) 女 15(25.86) 5(18.52) 年龄(岁) 52.13 ± 4.76 52.82 ± 5.11 0.608 0.545 BMI(kg/m2) 21.39 ± 1.25 21.18 ± 1.17 0.736 0.464 肿瘤最大径(cm) 3.82 ± 0.51 5.03 ± 0.74 8.777 < 0.001* 肿瘤数目(个) 2.75 ± 0.44 3.38 ± 0.53 5.753 < 0.001* Child-Pugh分级 5.776 0.001* A级 55(94.83) 20(74.07) B级 3(5.17) 7(25.93) BCLC分期 5.716 0.017* B期 18(31.03) 2(7.41) C期 40(68.97) 25(92.59) 肝外转移 5.963 0.015* 有 8(13.79) 10(37.04) 无 50(86.21) 17(62.96) 血管侵犯 4.713 0.030* 有 24(41.38) 18(66.67) 无 34(58.62) 9(33.33) *P < 0.05。 2.2 BTLA、CTLA-4基因多态性检测结果
经TaqMan qRT-PCR检测显示,BTLA rs2171513位点基因型为GG、GA、AA;rs3112270位点基因型为AA、AG、GG;rs1982809位点基因型为GG、GA、AA;rs16859629T位点基因型为TT、TC、CC;CTLA-4 rs231775位点基因型为GG、GA、AA;rs733618位点基因型为CC、CT、TT;rs3087243位点基因型为GG、GA、AA;rs4553808位点基因型为AA、AG、GG。经琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定后,随机选取10%样本进行基因测序验证,使用SeqMan软件查看测序结果,证实上述位点存在基因多态性。
本研究85例患者CTLA-4 rs231775、rs733618、rs3087243、rs4553808位点、BTLA rs2171513、rs3112270、rs1982809、rs16859629位点基因型分布情况,见表2。经符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律检验,具有人群代表性。
表 2 85例患者BTLA、CTLA-4基因型分布情况Table 2. Distribution of BTLA and CTLA-4 genotypes in 85 patientsBTLA基因型 CTLA-4基因型 位点 n 频率 位点 n 频率 rs2171513 rs231775 GG 56 65.88 GG 31 36.47 GA 25 29.41 GA 42 49.41 AA 4 4.71 AA 12 14.12 rs3112270 rs733618 AA 45 52.94 CC 9 10.59 AG 34 40.00 CT 45 52.94 GG 6 7.06 TT 31 36.47 rs1982809 rs3087243 GG 48 56.47 GG 48 56.47 GA 30 35.29 GA 32 37.65 AA 7 8.24 AA 5 5.88 rs16859629 rs4553808 TT 72 84.71 AA 46 54.12 TC 8 9.41 AG 33 38.82 CC 5 5.88 GG 6 7.06 2.3 2组BTLA、CTLA-4基因型分布情况
2组BTLA rs2171513、CTLA-4 rs733618、rs4553808位点基因型分布情况差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);治疗有效组BTLA rs3112270位点AG、GG基因型比例、rs1982809位点GA、AA比例、rs16859629位点CC基因型、CTLA-4 rs231775位点AA基因型比例、rs3087243位点GA、AA基因型低于疾病进展组,BTLA rs3112270位点AA基因型比例、rs1982809位点GG比例、rs16859629位点TT基因型、CTLA-4 rs231775位点GG基因型比例、rs3087243位点GG基因型高于疾病进展组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表3。
表 3 2组BTLA、CTLA-4基因型比较n(%)Table 3. Comparison of BTLA and CTLA-4 genotypes between the two groups n(%)BTLA基因型 CTLA-4基因型 项目 治疗有效组
(n = 58)疾病进展组(n = 27) u P 项目 治疗有效组
(n = 58)疾病进展组(n = 27) u P rs2171513 0.788 0.431 rs231775 2.920 0.004* GG 40(68.97) 16(59.26) GG 25(43.10) 6(22.22) GA 16(27.59) 9(33.33) GA 31(53.45) 11(40.74) AA 2(3.45) 2(7.41) AA 2(3.45) 10(37.04) rs3112270 4.638 < 0.001* rs733618 0.019 0.945 AA 41(70.69) 4(14.81) CC 6(10.34) 3(11.11) AG 17(29.31) 17(62.96) CT 31(53.45) 14(51.85) GG 0(0.00) 6(22.22) TT 21(36.21) 10(37.04) rs1982809 3.347 0.001* rs3087243 4.491 < 0.001* GG 40(68.97) 8(29.63) GG 43(74.14) 5(18.52) GA 17(29.31) 13(48.15) GA 15(25.86) 17(62.96) AA 1(1.72) 6(22.22) AA 0(0.00) 5(18.52) rs16859629 2.464 0.014* rs4553808 0.622 0.534 TT 51(87.93) 16(59.26) AA 33(56.90) 13(48.15) TC 7(12.07) 1(3.70) AG 21(36.21) 12(44.44) CC 0(0.00) 10(37.04) GG 4(6.90) 2(7.41) *P < 0.05。 2.4 BTLA、CTLA-4基因多态性与疗效的相关性
在进行Logistic多因素回归分析时,将肿瘤最大径、肿瘤数目、Child-Pugh分级、BCLC分期、肝外转移、血管侵犯等其他混杂因素进行校正。经单因素、Logistic多因素回归分析显示,BTLA rs2171513G > A、CTLA-4 rs733618C > T、rs4553808A > G与疗效无关(P > 0.05);BTLA rs3112270A > G、rs1982809G > A、rs16859629T > C、CTLA-4 rs231775A > G、rs3087243G > A与疗效相关(P < 0.05),见表4。
表 4 BTLA、CTLA-4基因多态性与疗效的相关性Table 4. Correlation between BTLA and CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms and therapeutic effect自变量 单因素分析 Logistic多因素回归分析 OR 95%CI P OR 95%CI P BTLA基因 rs2171513G > A 1.211 0.417~3.519 0.417 1.740 0.523~5.791 0.518 rs3112270A > G 5.396 1.794~16.228 < 0.001* 6.252 2.041~19.153 < 0.001* rs1982809G > A 6.602 2.061~21.147 < 0.001* 7.699 2.274~26.065 < 0.001* rs16859629T > C 4.675 1.537~14.220 < 0.001* 5.441 1.882~15.730 < 0.001* CTLA-4基因 ~ ~ rs231775A > G 5.828 1.809~18.773 < 0.001* 5.650 2.005~15.924 < 0.001* rs733618C > T 0.978 0.325~2.941 0.623 1.122 0.246~5.113 0.264 rs3087243G > A 6.037 2.260~16.128 < 0.001* 6.486 2.175~19.340 < 0.001* rs4553808A > G 1.240 0.249~6.177 0.329 1.065 0.196~5.782 0.187 *P < 0.05。 2.5 不同BTLA、CTLA-4基因型患者生存预后状况
85例患者随访18个月,脱落3例,生存率为68.29%(56/82)。KM曲线分析,BTLA rs2171513、CTLA-4 rs733618、rs4553808位点不同基因型患者随访18个月生存率差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);BTLA rs3112270位点AA、AG基因型患者18个月生存率高于GG基因型患者,rs1982809位点GG、GA基因型患者18个月生存率高于AA基因型患者,rs16859629位点TT基因型患者18个月生存率高于TC、CC基因型患者(P < 0.05);CTLA-4 rs231775位点GG、GA基因型患者18个月生存率高于AA基因型患者、rs3087243位点GG基因型18个月生存率高于GA、AA基因型患者,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表5、图1~2。
表 5 不同BTLA、CTLA-4基因型患者生存预后状况比较Table 5. Comparison of survival and prognosis of patients with different BTLA and CTLA-4 genotypesBTLA基因型 CTLA-4基因型 项目 n 生存率 χ2 P 项目 n 生存率 χ2 P rs2171513 1.115 0.543 rs231775 19.502 < 0.001* GG 53 71.70(38/53) GG 30 86.67(26/30) GA 25 64.00(16/25) GA 40 70.00(28/40) AA 4 50.00(2/4) AA 12 16.67(2/12) rs3112270 11.163 0.004* rs733618 0.563 0.755 AA 42 80.95(34/42) CC 9 66.67(6/9) AG 34 61.76(21/34) CT 43 65.12(28/43) GG 6 16.67(1/6) TT 30 73.33(22/30) rs1982809 10.928 0.004* rs3087243 22.152 < 0.001* GG 47 76.60(36/47) GG 46 86.96(40/46) GA 28 67.86(19/28) GA 31 51.61(16/31) AA 7 14.29(1/7) AA 5 0.00(0/5) rs16859629 18.402 < 0.001* rs4553808 0.091 0.956 TT 70 77.14(54/70) AA 43 69.77(30/43) TC 7 28.57(2/7) AG 33 66.67(22/33) CC 5 0.00(0/5) GG 6 66.67(4/6) *P < 0.05。 2.6 BTLA、CTLA-4基因多态性与生存预后的相关性
在进行Logistic多因素回归分析时,将肿瘤最大径、肿瘤数目、Child-Pugh分级、BCLC分期、肝外转移、血管侵犯等其他混杂因素进行校正。单因素、Logistic多因素回归分析显示,BTLA rs2171513G > A、CTLA-4 rs733618C > T、rs4553808A > G与生存预后无关(P > 0.05);BTLA rs3112270A > G、rs1982809G > A、rs16859629T > C、CTLA-4 rs231775A > G、rs3087243G > A与生存预后相关(P < 0.05),见表6。
表 6 BTLA、CTLA-4基因多态性与生存预后的相关性Table 6. Correlation between BTLA and CTLA-4 gene polymorphism and survival prognosis自变量 单因素分析 Logistic多因素回归分析 HR 95%CI P HR 95%CI P BTLA基因 rs2171513G > A 1.156 0.187~7.144 0.095 0.902 0.165~4.936 0.236 rs3112270A > G 4.336 1.509~12.457 < 0.001* 4.439 1.441~13.672 < 0.001* rs1982809G > A 5.587 1.914~16.308 < 0.001* 5.123 1.659~15.820 < 0.001* rs16859629T > C 6.620 2.069~21.182 < 0.001* 7.262 2.183~24.159 < 0.001* CTLA-4基因 rs231775A > G 6.588 2.397~18.105 < 0.001* 6.058 2.116~17.342 < 0.001* rs733618C > T 1.157 0.201~6.665 0.102 0.942 0.188~4.724 0.221 rs3087243G > A 7.906 2.522~24.781 < 0.001* 6.642 2.183~20.210 < 0.001* rs4553808A > G 0.907 0.194~4.238 0.174 0.834 0.176~3.952 0.279 *P < 0.05。 3. 讨论
TACE是治疗中晚期肝癌的首选治疗手段,与静脉滴注或口服化疗药物不同,TACE是利用股动脉插管至肝动脉,将化疗药物送入行局部治疗并进行栓塞,可有效提高病灶组织药物浓度,阻断肿瘤血供,提高治疗率[10-11]。临床有关TACE后治疗疗效和疾病预后评估方法较多,主要采取实验室指标和影像学等,从宏观和表观学方面对其进行评估[12]。
近年研究证实,遗传易感性可影响肝癌发生发展,迄今为止,研究学者发现在人类基因组中约有一千万个SNPs,平均每100~300个碱基对有一个SNPs位点[13]。大量遗传学研究发现,一些基因SNPs与疾病、肿瘤易感性、疗效评估、预后有关[14-15]。BTLA是免疫蛋白超家族成员,也是第3个被发现免疫抑制受体,主要位于细胞膜表面,定位在3号染色体3q13区域,结构与CTLA-4、程序死亡因子-1的抑制因子类似,主要通过调节T、B淋巴细胞、DC细胞、巨噬细胞等表达,在T淋巴细胞活化阶段发挥负性调控作用[16]。正常情况下,BTLA可与配体结合,进而抑制淋巴细胞过度活化,以防止自身免疫系统损伤;体内免疫功能一旦失衡,BTLA可通过介导Th1/Th2细胞平衡、CD8+T细胞毒性,促进细胞释放过量炎性因子,进而加重疾病进展[17]。目前有文献报道,BTLA基因多态性与肿瘤发生具有明显关联性[18],如Fu等[19]学者发现,BTLA rs1844089 C > G、rs2705535A > G位点可增加乳腺癌发生风险。王居巳[20]研究显示,BTLA rs1982809 G > A、rs16859629 T > C基因多态性可增加非小细胞肺癌细胞易感性,但rs2171513 G > A、rs3112270 A > G可降低非小细胞肺癌易感性。本研究通过分析BTLA rs2171513、rs3112270、rs1982809、rs16859629T位点,发现2组BTLA rs3112270、rs1982809、rs16859629位点基因型比较,差异显著,进一步分析发现,BTLA rs3112270 A > G、rs1982809 G > A、rs16859629 T > C与肝癌疗效、预后密切相关。先前有报道显示,接受铂类药物化疗可损伤患者DNA,引起碱基序列改变,导致基因对DNA损伤修复不及时,不能及时修复化疗药物引起的NA损伤,增加化疗药物耐药性,影响治疗效果[21]。本研究中TACE联合靶向治疗,化疗药物采用表柔比星、洛铂,前者为细胞周期非特异性药物,可迅速进入细胞核与DNA结合,有效抑制核酸合成和有丝分裂进程,阻止RNA合成;而后者是第3代铂类化疗药物,不仅影响DNA合成、复制,还可影响原癌基因c-mye表达。
CTLA-4是T淋巴细胞表面较为重要共刺激基因,与CD28属同一家族,主要位于染色体2q33区域,可与CD28竞争结合B7-1/B7-2分子,从而发挥负向调节T淋巴细胞增殖分化作用,还可抑制细胞因子分泌、阻止细胞周期进展[22]。CTLA-4也是肿瘤免疫检查点基因,在肿瘤免疫过程中发挥重要作用,目前已有研究显示,CTLA-4基因多态性与肿瘤、自身免疫疾病遗传和环境易感性中存在关联性,可增加肿瘤、疾病患病风险[23-24]。如Liu等[25]研究显示,CTLA-4 rs231775与转移性肾细胞癌疗效、预后密切相关。Qin等[26]通过分析CTLA-4 rs231775、rs3087243、rs4553808、rs5742909、rs733618位点,发现rs733618 GG位点与骨髓瘤疗效、预后密切相关。本研究显示,2组CTLA-4 rs231775、rs3087243位点基因型差异比较,存在明显差异,单因素和多因素分析显示,CTLA-4 rs231775A > G、rs3087243G > A与疗效、预后相关,这与Qin等[26]研究结果不一致。分析原因:可能是因为2种化疗方式、化疗药物、CTLA-4基因位点较多等有关,机体内基因调控机制较为复杂,相同基因位点在不同肿瘤中表现不一。
综上所述,本研究证实BTLA基因rs3112270、rs1982809、rs16859629位点、CTLA-4基因rs231775、rs3087243位点多态性与肝癌TACE联合靶向治疗疗效、预后存在相关性,测定相关基因型可为临床制定治疗方案提供参考依据。因样本量偏少,不可避免存在选择偏倚。在今后的研究中我们将扩充样本量,以期取得更有说服力的结果。
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表 1 2组临床资料比较[n(%)/(
$\bar{x} \pm s$ )]Table 1. Comparison of clinical data between two groups [n(%)/(
$\bar{x} \pm s$ )]资料 治疗有效组(n = 58) 疾病进展组(n = 27) t/χ2 P 性别 0.552 0.457 男 43(74.14) 22(81.48) 女 15(25.86) 5(18.52) 年龄(岁) 52.13 ± 4.76 52.82 ± 5.11 0.608 0.545 BMI(kg/m2) 21.39 ± 1.25 21.18 ± 1.17 0.736 0.464 肿瘤最大径(cm) 3.82 ± 0.51 5.03 ± 0.74 8.777 < 0.001* 肿瘤数目(个) 2.75 ± 0.44 3.38 ± 0.53 5.753 < 0.001* Child-Pugh分级 5.776 0.001* A级 55(94.83) 20(74.07) B级 3(5.17) 7(25.93) BCLC分期 5.716 0.017* B期 18(31.03) 2(7.41) C期 40(68.97) 25(92.59) 肝外转移 5.963 0.015* 有 8(13.79) 10(37.04) 无 50(86.21) 17(62.96) 血管侵犯 4.713 0.030* 有 24(41.38) 18(66.67) 无 34(58.62) 9(33.33) *P < 0.05。 表 2 85例患者BTLA、CTLA-4基因型分布情况
Table 2. Distribution of BTLA and CTLA-4 genotypes in 85 patients
BTLA基因型 CTLA-4基因型 位点 n 频率 位点 n 频率 rs2171513 rs231775 GG 56 65.88 GG 31 36.47 GA 25 29.41 GA 42 49.41 AA 4 4.71 AA 12 14.12 rs3112270 rs733618 AA 45 52.94 CC 9 10.59 AG 34 40.00 CT 45 52.94 GG 6 7.06 TT 31 36.47 rs1982809 rs3087243 GG 48 56.47 GG 48 56.47 GA 30 35.29 GA 32 37.65 AA 7 8.24 AA 5 5.88 rs16859629 rs4553808 TT 72 84.71 AA 46 54.12 TC 8 9.41 AG 33 38.82 CC 5 5.88 GG 6 7.06 表 3 2组BTLA、CTLA-4基因型比较n(%)
Table 3. Comparison of BTLA and CTLA-4 genotypes between the two groups n(%)
BTLA基因型 CTLA-4基因型 项目 治疗有效组
(n = 58)疾病进展组(n = 27) u P 项目 治疗有效组
(n = 58)疾病进展组(n = 27) u P rs2171513 0.788 0.431 rs231775 2.920 0.004* GG 40(68.97) 16(59.26) GG 25(43.10) 6(22.22) GA 16(27.59) 9(33.33) GA 31(53.45) 11(40.74) AA 2(3.45) 2(7.41) AA 2(3.45) 10(37.04) rs3112270 4.638 < 0.001* rs733618 0.019 0.945 AA 41(70.69) 4(14.81) CC 6(10.34) 3(11.11) AG 17(29.31) 17(62.96) CT 31(53.45) 14(51.85) GG 0(0.00) 6(22.22) TT 21(36.21) 10(37.04) rs1982809 3.347 0.001* rs3087243 4.491 < 0.001* GG 40(68.97) 8(29.63) GG 43(74.14) 5(18.52) GA 17(29.31) 13(48.15) GA 15(25.86) 17(62.96) AA 1(1.72) 6(22.22) AA 0(0.00) 5(18.52) rs16859629 2.464 0.014* rs4553808 0.622 0.534 TT 51(87.93) 16(59.26) AA 33(56.90) 13(48.15) TC 7(12.07) 1(3.70) AG 21(36.21) 12(44.44) CC 0(0.00) 10(37.04) GG 4(6.90) 2(7.41) *P < 0.05。 表 4 BTLA、CTLA-4基因多态性与疗效的相关性
Table 4. Correlation between BTLA and CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms and therapeutic effect
自变量 单因素分析 Logistic多因素回归分析 OR 95%CI P OR 95%CI P BTLA基因 rs2171513G > A 1.211 0.417~3.519 0.417 1.740 0.523~5.791 0.518 rs3112270A > G 5.396 1.794~16.228 < 0.001* 6.252 2.041~19.153 < 0.001* rs1982809G > A 6.602 2.061~21.147 < 0.001* 7.699 2.274~26.065 < 0.001* rs16859629T > C 4.675 1.537~14.220 < 0.001* 5.441 1.882~15.730 < 0.001* CTLA-4基因 ~ ~ rs231775A > G 5.828 1.809~18.773 < 0.001* 5.650 2.005~15.924 < 0.001* rs733618C > T 0.978 0.325~2.941 0.623 1.122 0.246~5.113 0.264 rs3087243G > A 6.037 2.260~16.128 < 0.001* 6.486 2.175~19.340 < 0.001* rs4553808A > G 1.240 0.249~6.177 0.329 1.065 0.196~5.782 0.187 *P < 0.05。 表 5 不同BTLA、CTLA-4基因型患者生存预后状况比较
Table 5. Comparison of survival and prognosis of patients with different BTLA and CTLA-4 genotypes
BTLA基因型 CTLA-4基因型 项目 n 生存率 χ2 P 项目 n 生存率 χ2 P rs2171513 1.115 0.543 rs231775 19.502 < 0.001* GG 53 71.70(38/53) GG 30 86.67(26/30) GA 25 64.00(16/25) GA 40 70.00(28/40) AA 4 50.00(2/4) AA 12 16.67(2/12) rs3112270 11.163 0.004* rs733618 0.563 0.755 AA 42 80.95(34/42) CC 9 66.67(6/9) AG 34 61.76(21/34) CT 43 65.12(28/43) GG 6 16.67(1/6) TT 30 73.33(22/30) rs1982809 10.928 0.004* rs3087243 22.152 < 0.001* GG 47 76.60(36/47) GG 46 86.96(40/46) GA 28 67.86(19/28) GA 31 51.61(16/31) AA 7 14.29(1/7) AA 5 0.00(0/5) rs16859629 18.402 < 0.001* rs4553808 0.091 0.956 TT 70 77.14(54/70) AA 43 69.77(30/43) TC 7 28.57(2/7) AG 33 66.67(22/33) CC 5 0.00(0/5) GG 6 66.67(4/6) *P < 0.05。 表 6 BTLA、CTLA-4基因多态性与生存预后的相关性
Table 6. Correlation between BTLA and CTLA-4 gene polymorphism and survival prognosis
自变量 单因素分析 Logistic多因素回归分析 HR 95%CI P HR 95%CI P BTLA基因 rs2171513G > A 1.156 0.187~7.144 0.095 0.902 0.165~4.936 0.236 rs3112270A > G 4.336 1.509~12.457 < 0.001* 4.439 1.441~13.672 < 0.001* rs1982809G > A 5.587 1.914~16.308 < 0.001* 5.123 1.659~15.820 < 0.001* rs16859629T > C 6.620 2.069~21.182 < 0.001* 7.262 2.183~24.159 < 0.001* CTLA-4基因 rs231775A > G 6.588 2.397~18.105 < 0.001* 6.058 2.116~17.342 < 0.001* rs733618C > T 1.157 0.201~6.665 0.102 0.942 0.188~4.724 0.221 rs3087243G > A 7.906 2.522~24.781 < 0.001* 6.642 2.183~20.210 < 0.001* rs4553808A > G 0.907 0.194~4.238 0.174 0.834 0.176~3.952 0.279 *P < 0.05。 -
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