Research Progress of Indole in E. coli Biofilms on the Surface of Biomaterials
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摘要: 大肠杆菌是一种适应性很强的条件致病菌,可以在植入物表面形成生物膜并产生持久细胞,导致危及生命的感染,抗生素难以治疗。因此,急需1种有效的大肠杆菌生物膜抑制剂来应对公共健康威胁。吲哚是近年发现的大肠杆菌新型群体感应信号分子,在调控细菌生长及生物膜形成方面具有重要意义,是未来研究新型抗生物膜制剂的潜在靶标。综述大肠杆菌生物膜的形成、吲哚的微生物代谢及其调控大肠杆菌生物膜形成研究进展,以期为临床治疗及药物研发提供帮助。Abstract: Escherichia coli is a highly adaptable opportunistic pathogen bacterium that can form biofilms on the surface of implants and generates persistent cells, leading to life-threatening infections that are difficult to treat with antibiotics alone. Therefore, there is a need for an effective E.coli biofilm inhibitor to combat this public health threat.Indole is a novel quorum-sensing signaling molecule of E. coli discovered in recent years, which is of great significance in regulating bacterial growth and biofilm formation, and is a potential target for future research on new anti-biofilm preparations. This article reviews the research progress on the formation of Escherichia coli biofilms, the microbial metabolism of indole and its regulation of Escherichia coli biofilm formation, in order to provide information for clinical treatment and drug development.
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Key words:
- Escherichia coli /
- Indole /
- Bacterial biofilm /
- Biomaterials /
- Implant infection
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抗结核药物导致的肝损伤(anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury,ATB-DILI)在临床中的发病率逐年升高,因肝损伤导致的肺结核患者停药比例居高不下,耐药风险也在逐步上升[1]。ATB-DILI患者是否有免疫功能低下,免疫功能变化是否与肝损伤密切相关,目前没有定论。血清淀粉蛋白酶A(serum amylase A,SAA)是临床常用炎症指标,正常人血液中SAA含量低,当机体受到炎症、感染、损伤、肿瘤等刺激,产生一系列细胞因子,促进SAA的表达[2]。
基质金属蛋白酶9(matrix mctalloprotcinase-9,MMP-9)与基质金属蛋白酶14(matrix mctalloprotcinase-14,MMP-14)是MMPs家族中的2种特异性蛋白水解酶,在炎症、肿瘤性疾病中可以受多种因素影响,发生内源性调控异常,导致其表达升高[3-4]。关于MMPs的研究方向主要为冠心病及肿瘤相关层面,MMPs是否与ATB-DILI发病机制有关,目前研究较少。本研究拟分析免疫功能、SAA、MMP-9、MMP-14在ATB-DILI患者中的表达情况,及与临床指标之间的关系,为发掘新的抗结核药物性肝损伤评估指标及影响因素奠定前期基础。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
选取于2019年7月至2020年7月就诊于昆明市第三人民医院的抗结核药物性肝损伤患者115例,按照指南[5]将不同临床类型的患者分为4组。即:肝细胞损伤型(A组)、胆汁淤积型(B组)、肝血管损伤(C组型)和混合型(D组)。随机选择同期门诊体检者35例作为健康对照(E组),所有研究均经医院伦理委员会批准(伦理编号201902313)。入组患者按照诊断标准及排除标准选取入组。患者组基本情况:男性患者67例,女性患者48例。年龄18~56岁,中位年龄32.3岁。患者组分组中A组男性40例,女性27例;B组男性10例,女性7例;C组男性10例,女性8例;D组男性7例,女性6例;健康对照组E组基本情况:男性20例,女性15例,年龄20~40岁,中位年龄26.5岁。各组总体比较,男女比例,差异无统计学意义(χ2 = 0.231,P > 0.05)。其余项目(年龄、身高、体重、体质指数)比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表1。
表 1 一般资料比较($ \bar x \pm s $ )Table 1. Comparison of general information ($\bar x \pm s $ )项目 年龄(岁) 身高(cm) 体重(kg) 体质指数(kg/cm2) A组(n = 67) 39.1 ± 11.2 169.1 ± 5.7 57.3 ± 12.4 21.2 ± 2.3 B组(n = 17) 42.0 ± 7.0 167.2 ± 5.9 61.2 ± 11.7 19.8 ± 2.2 C组(n = 18) 37.1 ± 7.6 171.2 ± 6.6 60.5 ± 11.3 20.4 ± 2.1 D组(n = 13) 45.1 ± 8.2 166.2 ± 7.1 59.2 ± 9.7 20.1 ± 2.4 E组(n = 35) 34.1 ± 8.6 170.2 ± 6.1 67.2 ± 8.5 22.3 ± 1.3 F 0.349 0.647 0.672 0.565 P 0.943 0.633 0.541 0.690 1.2 诊断标准
(1)肺结核患者的诊断符合卫生部2018年版中华人民共和国卫生行业标准《肺结核诊断(WS288-2017)》的相关规定[6];(2)抗结核药物性肝损伤的诊断:使用2HRZE/4HR抗结核治疗方案,在治疗过程中出现肝损伤,肝损伤的出现与抗结核药的使用直接相关,诊断标准符合中华医学会结核病学分会制定的《抗结核药物肝损伤诊治指南(2019版)》[5]。
1.3 纳排标准
纳入标准[5-6]:(1)符合上述诊断标准的各组人群;(2)年龄18~70岁;(3)首次发病就诊,检查资料完整;(4)签署知情同意书。
排除标准:(1)既往有各类型肝炎(乙肝、丙肝、自身免疫性肝病、酒精肝等)患者;(2)接受免疫调节治疗(包括激素、免疫抑制剂等)的疾病,如风湿免疫系统疾病等;(3)有各类导致免疫功能低下的疾病(肿瘤、糖尿病等);(4)其他导致肝损伤的相关疾病。
1.4 抗结核药物性肝损伤的临床分型及严重程度分级
根据《抗结核药物肝损伤诊治指南(2019版)》来进行分型[5]。(1)肝细胞损伤型(A组): ALT > 3倍ULN,且R≥5;(2)胆汁淤积型(B组):ALP > 2倍ULN,且R≤2。(3)肝血管损伤型(C组):ALT > 3倍ULN,R≥2;(4)混合型(D组):ALT > 3倍ULN,ALP > 2倍ULN,且2 < R < 5。
1.5 抗结核药物性肝损伤的严重程度分级
(1)0级(无肝损伤);(2)l级(轻度肝损伤);(3)2级(中度肝损伤);(4)3级(重度肝损伤);(5)4级(急性肝功能衰竭):可出现腹水、肝性脑病或与DILI相关的其他器官功能衰竭;(6)5级(致命):因DILI致死,或需通过肝移植才能存活。
1.6 检查方法
收集研究对象晨起空腹静脉血6 mL,室温静置15~30 min,1100 r/min,离心半径为16.80 cm,离心15 min。血清MMP-9、MMP-14的浓度检测采用双抗体夹心法,MMP-9、MMP-14抗体购自abcam公司(货号分别为ab228402,ab5104)。酶标仪为美国Molecular公司SPECTCA MAX190。SAA采用化学发光法,试剂盒为美国罗氏试剂盒。
1.7 统计学处理
应用SPSS20.0软件分析统计,计量资料符合正态分布采用(
$\bar x \pm s $ )表示,组间比较使用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用SNK-q检验。计数资料采用“构成比(%)”表示。相关性分析采用Spearman秩相关检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。2. 结果
2.1 免疫功能检查结果比较
比较不同亚组之间T淋巴细胞亚群细胞的计数,A组、B组、C组、D组分别与健康对照组(E组)比较,各组在CD3+、CD8+T淋巴细胞的计数上两两比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),CD4+T淋巴细胞计数A组、B组、C组、D组与E组比较,总体差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),但组间比较,仅A组与E组差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表2。
表 2 T淋巴细胞亚群细胞计数比较($ \bar x \pm s $ )Table 2. Comparison of cell counts of T lymphocyte subsets ($ \bar x \pm s $ )项目 CD3计数(个) CD4计数(个) CD8计数(个) A组(n=67) 719 ± 110 455 ± 116 476 ± 89 B组(n = 17) 674 ± 89 566 ± 122 527 ± 87 C组(n = 18) 621 ± 78 521 ± 78 515 ± 103 D组(n = 13) 697 ± 82 559 ± 90 501 ± 91 E组(n = 35) 914 ± 170 810 ± 158 513 ± 85 F 0.775 6.784 0.446 P 0.550 0.000* 0.775 *P < 0.05。 2.2 SAA、MMP-9、MMP-14在不同类型肝损伤组别中的对照
分别比较SAA、MMP-9、MMP-14在A组、B组、C组、D组中的表达情况,与其他3组(B、C、D组)相比,SAA与MMP-9在A组中表达明显升高,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),MMP-14在C组中表达升高,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表3。
表 3 不同亚组SAA、MMP-9、MMP-14的比较($\bar x \pm s $ )Table 3. Comparison of SAA,MMP-9 and MMP-14 in different groups ($\bar x \pm s $ )项目 SAA(mg/L) MMP-9(ng/mL) MMP-14(ng/mL) A组(n = 67) 89.1 ± 11.2 36.1 ± 10.2 5.2 ± 3.3 B组(n = 17) 32.3 ± 6.1 11.3 ± 6.2 6.0 ± 2.6 C组(n = 18) 47.5 ± 9.2 14.1 ± 7.1 11.2 ± 6.9 D组(n = 13) 55.2 ± 11.3 15.3/12.5 4.0 ± 2.1 F 4.432 5.414 3.996 P 0.012# 0.005# 0.018# #P < 0.05。 2.3 SAA、MMP-9、MMP-14与肝损伤严重程度的相关性分析
SAA的表达量与肝损伤严重程度分级呈正相关关系(r = 0.687,P = 0.001),MMP-9的表达量与肝损伤严重程度分级呈正相关关系(r = 0.811,P = 0.000),MMP-14的表达量肝损伤严重程度分级无相关关系(r = 0.075,P = 0.141),见表4。
表 4 SAA、MMP-9、MMP-14与肝损伤严重程度的比较($ \bar x \pm s $ )Table 4. Comparison of SAA,MMP-9,MMP-14 and the severity of liver injury ($ \bar x \pm s $ )项目 1级(n = 41) 2级(n = 32) 3级(n = 25) 4级(n = 15) 5级(n = 2) Spearman系数(r) P SAA(mg/L) 26.1 ± 13.1 45.3 ± 15.2 69.2 ± 19.1 115.0 ± 21.3 146.0 ± 28.4 0.687# 0.001# MMP-9(ng/mL) 11.4 ± 5.1 39.1 ± 11.2 45.2 ± 10.4 55.1 ± 9.3 65.3 ± 21.1 0.811* 0.000* MMP-14(ng/mL) 3.61 ± 1.5 4.0 ± 1.2 4.01 ± 1.3 6.54 ± 2.3 8.21 ± 3.6 0.075 0.141 # P < 0.05,*P < 0.001。 3. 讨论
抗结核药物性肝损伤在临床中越来越常见,国内结核病研究专家已经开始呼吁临床医生重视ATB-DILI,因为ATB-DILI容易导致患者停药,使耐药风险增加,病程延长,治疗更为棘手[7]。
有研究结果显示,肺结核患者均有不同程度的免疫功能低下,同时免疫功能低下的患者,肺毁损及发生肺外结核的发生几率更高,提示肺结核疾病进展与免疫功能密切相关[8]。本研究结果显示,在临床研究数据对比中,肝细胞损伤型组(A组)与健康对照组(E组)在CD4+T淋巴细胞计数中两两比较,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),提示ATB-DILI患者具有一定的免疫功能低下,CD4+T淋巴细胞减少可能对ATB-DILI发生有一定相关性,与部分文献相符[9-10]。同时肝细胞损伤型是ATB-DILI中最为常见的类型,CD4+T淋巴细胞减少也可能导致自身免疫屏障功能受损,巨噬细胞吞噬功能下降,炎症因子分泌增加,导致ATB-DILI进展[11-13]。
SAA是由多基因编码合成的一种急性时相反应蛋白[14]。其编码基因位于11号染色体短臂,大小约为160 kb[15]。本研究显示,SAA在ATB-DILI中明显升高,且与肝损伤严重程度密切相关(P < 0.05)。本研究结果提示ATB-DILI与炎症发生发展有一定相关性,抗结核药物导致的急性炎症反应会促进炎症因子分泌,攻击正常细胞结构,损伤肝细胞。通过抗结核治疗的同时应用保肝药如甘草酸单胺或异甘草酸镁等,控制炎症进程或者降低炎症因子表达,可能改善抗结核药物导致的肝损伤严重程度[16-17]。
基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)是自然界进化中高度保守的一类蛋白酶,所有MMPs亚型均属于锌依赖性内肽酶家族[18]。其中MMP-9主要在炎症细胞中表达,比如中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞等[19]。本研究显示在ATB-DILI患者中,MMP-9升高明显,提示ATB-DILI与炎症密切相关。同时MMP-9与ATB-DILI严重程度分级具有明显正相关关系(P < 0.05),MMP-9在ATB-DILI 3、4级患者中明显升高,提示ATB-DILI发生机制可能为炎症介质介导的炎症反应,该结论也与部分研究相符[20]。研究炎症反应导致的肝细胞损伤因素,分析炎症介质的上游通路及下游影响路径,可能为以后减少ATB-DILI发病率打下前期基础。
MMP-14是是第1个发现的具有跨膜序列的MMPs,并且是膜型蛋白酶中最重要的一员[21-22]。MMP-14主要生物学功能在于介导MMP-2酶原的激活,以及通过其表达上调血管内皮生长因子,促进血管生成和生长,也可促进血管内膜增厚,血管硬化及血管外间质增生[23-25]。本研究结果显示,MMP-14在肝血管损伤型中表达明显上升,提示血管损伤及硬化、肝纤维化与ATB-DILI发生机制也有一定相关性。虽然MMP-14与ATB-DILI严重程度无明显相关性(P > 0.05),但也可能与笔者入组病例较少,不能进行大样本分析有关。
通过本研究结果显示,SAA、MMP-9、MMP-14与ATB-DILI发生发展密切相关,通过调节炎症反应,减少炎症因子分泌,可能会降低ATB-DILI发病率,改善ATB-DILI患者预后,减少结核病患者的疾病负担。
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