Correlation Analysis between the Common Clinical Indexes and Diabetic Foot Ulcer
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摘要:
目的 通过横断面研究探索常见临床指标与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者并发糖尿病足溃疡(DFU)情况之间的关系,为临床DFU的监测、预后评估等提供参考指标。 方法 以昆明医科大学第二附属医院内分泌科2021年6月至2023年6月收治的115例T2DM患者为研究对象,根据是否合并DFU分为A组(合并DFU)和B组(不合并DFU),再将A组患者根据Wagner分级分为A1组(Wagner0-1级)、A2组(Wagner2-3级)、A3组(Wagner4级)。比较各组患者一般资料及血压、血糖、血脂等常见临床指标的差异,探究DFU与上述指标的相关性。 结果 A组患者糖尿病病程、D-二聚体(DD)、收缩压值等指标大于B组患者,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),其中DD是T2DM患者发生DFU的主要危险因素。DFU患者的DM病程与年龄成正相关(r > 0,P < 0.05),与空腹血糖(FPG)水平、餐后2 h血糖(2hPG)水平成负相关(r < 0,P < 0.05)。A1、A2 2组的白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、C反应蛋白(CRP)均小于A3组,A1组的中性粒细胞、白细胞水平小于A3组,A1组的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)大于A2组,差异均具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。 结论 DD、收缩压是DFU发生的主要危险因素,DD与DFU的联系密切。年龄越大的T2DM患者DFU发病越晚;血糖控制越差,DFU发病越早。HDL-C是T2DM患者周围血管病变的保护因素。 Abstract:Objective To analyze the relationship between the common clinical indicators and diabetic foot ulcer(DFU) in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) patients by using the cross-sectional study and to provide the reference indicators for clinical DFU monitoring and prognosis evaluation. Methods A total of 115 T2DM patients admitted to the Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from June 2021 to June 2023 were selected as the study objects and were divided into group A(with DFU) and group B(without DFU) according to whether they had DFU. Those in group A were then divided into group A1(Wagner0-1), group A2(Wagner2-3) and group A3(Wagner4) according to Wagner classification. The differences of general data, blood pressure, blood glucose, blood lipids and other common clinical indicators among all of the groups were compared, and the correlation between DFU and the above indicators was explored. Results Diabetes duration, D-dimer(DD), systolic blood pressure and other indexes in group A were higher than those in group B and there was a statistically significant difference(P < 0.05). DD was the main risk factor for DFU in T2DM patients. Diabetic course in patients with DFU was positively correlated with the age(r > 0, P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose(FPG) level and 2hPG level at 2 hours after meals(r < 0, P < 0.05). The levels of interleukin-6(IL-6) and C-reactive protein(CRP) in A1 and A2 groups were lower than those in A3 group, the levels of neutrophils and leukocytes in A1 group were lower than those in A3 group, and the high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) in A1 group was higher than that in A2 group and there was a statistically significant difference(P < 0.05). Conclusion DD and systolic blood pressure are the main risk factors for DFU, and DD is closely related to DFU. The older the patients with T2DM, the later the onset of DFU. The worse the blood glucose control, the earlier the onset of DFU. HDL-C is a protective factor for peripheral vascular disease in T2DM patients. -
Key words:
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus /
- Diabetic foot ulcer /
- Risk factor
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系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)是一种慢性自身免疫性疾病,临床表现多样,可累及多个器官系统,包括肾脏、皮肤、关节、血液系统以及神经精神系统等[1-2]。肾脏损伤是系统性红斑狼疮最常见、最严重的表现之一。合并肾脏损伤的SLE患者可高达60%,未及时诊治可进展为严重性肾损伤和急慢性肾功能衰竭,导致SLE患者死亡率升高[3-4]。SLE合并肾损伤的临床表现包括蛋白尿、血尿以及肾功能不全等,其诊断金标准为肾脏活检。SLE肾损伤的发病机制包括先天性和适应性免疫系统的激活、自身抗体直接攻击、抗dsDNA抗体等形成的免疫复合物沉积于肾脏等[5]。本研究对296例SLE患者进行抗dsDNA抗体等自身抗体及其他实验室指标的检测,分析比较其差异,探讨各项指标在SLE肾损伤患者中的临床应用价值。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2014年至2019年昆明医科大学第一附属医院收治的SLE患者共296例,男性25例,女性271例,平均(36.51±13.98)岁。分为SLE合并肾损伤组和未合并肾损伤组,SLE合并肾损伤组患者74例,男性6例,女性68例,平均(35.09±14.46)岁;未合并肾损伤组患者222例,男性19例,女性203例,平均(36.98±13.81)岁。两组间年龄、性别比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。
1.2 纳入和排除标准
纳入标准:所有患者符合1997年美国风湿病协会(american college of rheumatology,ACR)修订的SLE分类诊断标准[6]。
排除标准:妊娠和哺乳期、合并严重感染、合并其他自身免疫性疾病、合并严重脏器功能不全、恶性肿瘤等患者。
1.3 方法
患者入院后,取空腹静脉血2~3 mL,低温离心取上清,保存于−20 ℃备用。采用间接免疫荧光法以及免疫印迹法测量自身抗体;采用自动生化分析仪检测血常规、肝肾功能指标、免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA及补体C3、C4等实验室指标。
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS软件进行统计分析。呈正态分布或近似正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(
$\bar x \pm s $ )表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;非正态分布的计量资料以四分位数表示,两组间比较采用非参数检验;计数资料以率(%)表示,采用χ2检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。2. 结果
2.1 自身抗体阳性率比较
SLE合并肾损伤组血清抗dsDNA抗体、抗核小体抗体及抗组蛋白抗体的阳性率显著高于未合并肾损伤组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),抗U1-RNP抗体的阳性率显著低于未合并肾损伤组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),两组血清ANA抗体、抗SmD1抗体、抗SSA-RO 60KD抗体、抗SSA-RO 52KD抗体及抗SSB-La抗体比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表1。
表 1 两组自身抗体阳性率比较[n(%)]Table 1. Comparison of the positive rate of autoantibodies between the two groups [n(%)]检测指标 SLE合并肾损伤组阳性例数 未合并肾损伤组阳性例数 χ2 P ANA抗体(n = 296) 73(98.6) 215(96.8) 0.171 0.679 抗dsDNA抗体(n = 296) 42(56.8) 73(32.9) 13.315 0.000 抗核小体抗体(n = 224) 41(69.5) 81(49.1) 7.293 0.007 抗组蛋白抗体(n = 224) 40(67.8) 81(49.1) 6.122 0.013 抗SmD1抗体(n = 296) 42(56.8) 124(55.9) 0.018 0.892 抗U1-RNP抗体(n = 296) 25(33.8) 107(48.2) 4.667 0.031 抗SSA-RO 60KD抗体(n = 296) 51(68.9) 139(62.6) 0.960 0.327 抗SSA-RO 52KD抗体(n = 296) 28(37.8) 101(45.5) 1.324 0.250 抗SSB-La抗体(n = 296) 16(21.6) 54(24.3) 0.225 0.636 2.2 其他各项实验室指标水平的比较
2.2.1 血液学检查指标水平比较
SLE合并肾损伤组血清白细胞、中性粒细胞水平显著高于未合并肾损伤组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),红细胞、血红蛋白水平显著低于未合并肾损伤组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),淋巴细胞、血小板水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表2。
表 2 两组血液学检查指标水平比较[M(P25,P75)]Table 2. Comparison of hematological indexes between the two groups [M(P25,P75)]检测指标 SLE合并肾损伤组(n = 74) 未合并肾损伤组(n = 222) Z/t P 白细胞(×109/L) 5.45(3.90,7.42) 4.52(3.18,5.91) −2.536 0.011 中性粒细胞(×109/L) 4.08(2.50,5.61) 2.97(1.85,4.33) −3.443 0.001 淋巴细胞(×109/L) 1.01(0.57,1.48) 1.05(0.67,1.45) −0.438 0.661 红细胞(×1012/L) 3.75(3.16,4.21) 4.02(3.54,4.48) −2.523 0.012 血红蛋白(g/L) 106(89,124.25) 115(97,130) −2.262 0.024 血小板[×109/L,($\bar x\pm s $)] 173.05 ± 83.72 187.19 ± 82.96 −1.267 0.206 2.2.2 其他实验室指标水平比较
SLE合并肾损伤组尿素、肌酐、尿酸、钾、氯、钙离子水平显著高于未合并肾损伤组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),SLE合并肾损伤组总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、ALT、AST、总胆红素、直接胆红素、间接胆红素、钠离子、免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA及补体C3水平显著低于未合并肾损伤组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),IgM、C4,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表3。
表 3 两组其他实验室指标水平比较[M(P25,P75)]Table 3. Comparison of other laboratory indexes between the two groups [M(P25,P75)]检测指标 SLE合并肾损伤组(n = 74) 未合并肾损伤组(n = 222) Z P 总蛋白(g/L) 60.15(48.38,68.63) 67.30(58.98,73.68) −4.357 0.000 白蛋白(g/L) 27.05(22.33,34.10) 33.95(27.48,37.90) −5.001 0.000 球蛋白(g/L) 30.90(24.15,36.23) 32.05(27.40,38.30) −2.052 0.04 ALT(IU/L) 11.85(7.68,21.28) 15.40(10.59,26.05) −2.545 0.011 AST(IU/L) 18.10(13.28,27.65) 19.95(14.60,28.58) −1.368 0.171 总胆红素(μmol/L) 5.65(3.38,7.53) 6.65(4.70,9.88) −2.865 0.004 直接胆红素(μmol/L) 2.35(1.50,3.28) 3.00(2.18,4.70) −3.274 0.001 间接胆红素(μmol/L) 3.05(1.80,4.43) 3.40(2.20,5.33) −2.127 0.033 尿素(μmol/L) 6.78(4.24,11.88) 4.39(3.11,6.51) −4.686 0.000 肌酐(μmol/L) 79.15(59.43,144.58) 62.45(53.68,80.15) −4.235 0.000 尿酸(μmol/L) 391(301.55,506.33) 303.60(248.80,368.65) −4.909 0.000 钾(mmol/L) 3.99(3.76,4.54) 3.74(3.51,4.00) −5.034 0.000 钠(mmol/L) 139.55(136.55,142.33) 140.15(137.90,142.73) −1.384 0.166 氯(mmol/L) 106.85(104.05,110.08) 105.70(103.60,108.03) −2.059 0.039 钙(mmol/L) 2.05(1.95,2.18) 2.17(2.06,2.26) −3.969 0.000 IgG(g/L) 12(8.10,15.50) 13.80(10.10,18.80) −2.564 0.010 IgM(g/L) 0.96(0.69,1.41) 1.02(0.64,1.52) −0.542 0.588 IgA(g/L) 2.13(1.39,3.22) 2.22(1.58,3.29) −0.878 0.38 C3(g/L) 0.50(0.31,0.70) 0.65(0.43,0.86) −3.412 0.001 C4(g/L) 0.08(0.04,0.14) 0.10(0.05,0.16) −1.789 0.074 3. 讨论
SLE是一种累及多器官系统的自身免疫性疾病,肾脏受累最为常见。肾脏损伤是SLE最严重的表现之一,可出现肾小球、肾小管间质和肾脏血管的永久性损害,最终进展为终末期肾病[7]。早期的诊断和免疫抑制剂的治疗对于SLE肾损伤患者的预后起到关键性作用。SLE合并肾损伤的主要特征包括自身抗体的产生、免疫复合物沉积以及免疫介导的肾脏损伤,导致细胞增殖和凋亡增加,并诱发破坏正常肾单位的炎症和纤维化过程。自身抗体是SLE的重要临床特征,抗dsDNA抗体是SLE的特异性抗体,约70%的SLE患者可表现为阳性,而健康人群及其他自身免疫性疾病患者阳性率小于0.5%[8-9]。抗dsDNA抗体常与SLE肾损伤的发生相关,其水平通常与疾病活动相关[10-11]。有报道表明,在SLE患者中,针对核成分的自身抗体,抗dsDNA、抗核小体和抗组蛋白抗体同时阳性与SLE肾损伤的发病和活动性显著相关,可作为提示肾脏受累的一个重要性指标[12-13],与本研究结果一致。SLE合并肾损伤的患者体内产生抗dsDNA抗体,其通过与肾脏细胞表面蛋白结合,激活下游信号通路,释放炎症和纤维化介质,诱导炎症和纤维化过程[14-15]。有研究基于动物模型和SLE患者的数据,证实只有抗核小体抗体复合物,特别是抗DNA抗体复合物,而不是单一特异性抗体,才能在体内结合肾小球基底膜并诱发蛋白尿[16-17]。MRL/lpr狼疮小鼠肾小球沉积抗体的洗脱IgG中含有抗dsDNA、抗核小体和抗组蛋白抗体,这些抗体的数量与蛋白尿的发生呈正相关[18]。
SLE的发生和进展与机体的细胞免疫及体液免疫失衡相关,当机体免疫调节失衡时,机体的炎症指标、补体水平等实验室指标出现异常。许多研究结果表明,肾功能指标如血尿酸、肌酐与SLE肾损伤的发生呈正相关,其他免疫相关成分如补体C3、C4与其呈负相关[19-20]。本研究结果表明,SLE合并肾损伤组血清尿素、肌酐及尿酸水平显著高于未合并肾损伤组,补体C3水平显著低于未合并肾损伤组,可能对SLE的肾损伤的发生和预后评价起到重要作用。尿素、肌酐及尿酸等作为肾功能的主要检测指标可以直接、有效地反映SLE患者肾脏累及程度,但其对于早期肾脏损伤的提示不佳,易延误诊治[19]。补体C3是血清中含量最高的补体成分,主要是由巨噬细胞、淋巴组织等合成,与SLE的病情活动相关,SLE合并肾损伤组补体C3水平下降,机制可能为机体免疫失衡时,补体被激活,其与自身抗原抗体复合物结合并沉积,导致机体内补体被大量消耗[21]。
综上所述,抗dsDNA、抗核小体、抗组蛋白等自身抗体、补体C3及多项实验室指标水平与SLE患者肾损伤的发生密切相关,可作为评估SLE肾损伤的免疫学指标。
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表 1 2组间比较[($\bar x \pm s $)/n(%)/M(P25,P75)]
Table 1. Comparison between 2 groups [($\bar x \pm s $)/n(%)/M(P25,P75)]
项目 A组(n = 59) B组(n = 56) t/Z/χ2 P 年龄(岁) 61.51±12.70 58.93±9.18 –1.253 0.213 性别(男) 43(72.9) 34(60.7) 1.922 0.166 BMI(kg/m2) 24.10(21.87,26.2) 22.95(21.04,25.30) –1.925 0.054 DM病程(a) 10(7,19) 6.50(1.63,13.00) –2.725 0.006* FINS(μU/mL) 11.09(7.15,15.92) 8.05(5.25,12.30) –2.235 0.025* FPG(mmol/L) 9.07±3.53 7.02(5.47,10.52) –1.488 0.137 2hPG(mmol/L) 14.02±5.76 16.91±6.16 2.542 0.012* HbA1c(%) 9.41±2.02 8.35(7.10,10.45) –1.605 0.108 TG(mmol/L) 1.29(3.76,5.35) 2.04(1.37,3.10) –2.718 0.007* TC(mmol/L) 4.28(2.40,7.77) 5.01(4.15,6.41) –2.596 0.009* LDL-C(mmol/L) 2.72(2.26,3.36) 3.03(2.36,3.94) –1.902 0.057 HDL-C(mmol/L) 1.00±0.25 1.23±0.27 4.566 < 0.001* UACR(mg/g cr) 58.02(12.28,401.94) 7.19(5.04,16.14) –5.058 < 0.001* Scr(mmol/L) 81(69,100) 71.00(56.00,81.00) –3.294 0.001* ALT(U/L) 18(12,22) 21.00(15.00,34.00) –2.229 0.026* AST(U/L) 19(15,23) 19.00(17.25,26.00) –1.113 0.266 NEUT(×109/L) 4.86(3.03,7.99) 3.35±1.02 –4.205 < 0.001* WBC(×109/L) 7.59(5.94,10.14) 6.35±1.30 –3.125 0.002* DD(μg/mL) 0.66(0.37,1.23) 0.29(0.22,0.52) –4.341 < 0.001* SBP(mmHg) 131.36±21.11 122.86±16.87 –2.391 0.018* DBP(mmHg) 78.19±11.68 79.18±9.46 0.499 0.619 左脚ABI 1.13(1.00,1.20) 1.09±0.078 –0.762 0.446 右脚ABI 1.13±0.12 1.10±0.079 –1.045 0.300 内脏脂肪面积(cm2) 91.77±40.14 85.06±40.40 –0.693 0.490 *P < 0.05。 表 2 T2DM患者发生DFU的多因素分析
Table 2. Multivariate analysis of DFU in patients with T2DM
影响因素 β Wald P OR 95%CI DM病程(a) 0.017 0.193 0.660 1.017 (0.943~1.097) FINS(μU/mL) 0.054 1.372 0.241 1.055 (0.965~1.154) UACR(mg/g cr) 0.002 2.035 0.154 1.002 (0.999~1.006) Scr(mmol/L) –0.018 1.690 0.194 0.983 (0.957~1.009) NEUT(109/L) 0.795 3.389 0.066 2.214 (0.950~5.163) WBC(109/L) –0.419 1.258 0.262 0.658 (0.316~1.368) DD(μg/mL) 2.174 6.698 0.010* 8.796 (1.695~45.648) SBP(mmHg) 0.008 0.268 0.604 1.008 (0.978~1.039) *P < 0.05。 表 3 DFU患者的DM病程与年龄、FPG、2hPG水平的相关性
Table 3. Correlation of diabetes course with age,FPG,and 2hPG level in DFU
变量 rs P 年龄(岁) 0.454 < 0.001* FPG(mmol/L) –0.298 0.022* 2hPG(mmol/L) –0.313 0.019* *P < 0.05。 表 4 A1、A2、A3组间比较[($ \bar x \pm s $)]
Table 4. Comparison among groups A1,A2 and A3 [($ \bar x \pm s $)]
变量 A1(n = 22) A2(n = 31) A3组(n = 6) F P IL-6(pg/mL) 30.87±54.12# 52.99±91.79△ 184.45±178.50 3.725 0.034*,0.042,0.049 CRP(mg/L) 39.20±68.13# 46.85±59.20△ 134.25±22.27 4.151 0.024*,0.034,0.027 NEUT(×109/L) 4.79±4.31# 7.02±4.59 11.44±8.08 4.523 0.015*,0.014 WBC(×109/L) 7.66±4.55# 9.23±4.54 14.16±7.69 4.145 0.021*,0.017 2hPG(mmol/L) 16.35±5.65▲ 12.33±4.93 13.59±8.24 3.311 0.044*,0.039 HDL-C(mmol/L) 3.04±0.86▲ 2.75±0.66 2.47±0.43 6.746 0.002*,0.002 与 A3 组相比,#P < 0.05,△P < 0.05;与 A2 组相比,▲P < 0.05;*P < 0.05。 表 5 DD对DFU影响情况的二元Logistic回归分析
Table 5. Binary Logistic regression analysis of DD's influence on DFU
因素 B 标准误差 瓦尔德 P Exp(B) 95%IC 下限 上限 DD 2.306 0.663 12.100 0.001* 10.036 2.737 36.806 *P < 0.05。 -
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