Effects and Mechanisms of Xueshuantong on the Cognitive Function and Abnormal Neural Excitability in Mice with Alzheimer’ s Disease
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摘要:
目的 探究血栓通[主要有效成分为三七皂苷(panax notoginseng,PNS)]对阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)模型小鼠认知功能及神经兴奋性的影响,并探讨其潜在分子机制。 方法 用APP/PS1小鼠作为AD研究动物模型,在小鼠淀粉样蛋白尚未检测到阶段(2月龄)开始每日以60 mg/kg对血栓通组(APP/PS1+PNS)行灌胃给药,每日1次,连续给药6个月(给药至8月龄);对照组小鼠予同等体积的0.9%氯化钠(APP/PS1+vehicle)灌胃处理,同月龄野生型小鼠予0.9%氯化钠灌胃处理作为正常对照组(WT+ vehicle),每组各15只。6个月后,新物体识别实验、Morris水迷宫实验检测小鼠的认知功能;EEG脑电检测、Western blot、细胞表面生物素化试验以检测各组小鼠皮质与海马中BACE1的活性、Nav1.1α的分布、表达以及Navβ2的表达与酶解情况(Navβ2的酶解片段Navβ2 full length及Navβ2-CTF表达检测)。 结果 新物体识别实验显示,与对照组APP/PS1小鼠相比,血栓通用药后APP/PS1小鼠的辨别指数(discrimination index,DI)上升(P < 0.05);Morris水迷宫检测结果发现,血栓通灌胃6个月后小鼠在探索实验中逃避潜伏期缩短(P < 0.05),撤除平台后在目标象限停留时间增加(P < 0.05)、穿梭平台次数增加(P < 0.05);EEG脑电检测结果发现,血栓通给药后减少了APP/PS1小鼠棘波放电出现的频率(P < 0.05)。血栓通给药后显著降低了BACE1蛋白水平的表达(P < 0.05),而全长片段Navβ2的蛋白水平显著上升(P < 0.05),并纠正了Nav1.1α在神经元内外的异常分布(P < 0.05)。 结论 血栓通可以改善AD模型小鼠的学习记忆能力、纠正大脑异常兴奋性,其作用机制可能与抑制BACE1的活性从而减少Navβ2由 APP/PS1诱导的过度酶解,纠正皮质、海马神经元Nav1.1α的异常表达与分布,调节神经元的兴奋性有关。 Abstract:Objective To explore the possible effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of xueshuantong [The main active component is panax notoginseng (PNS)] on the cognitive function and neural excitability of mice with Alzheimer’ s disease (AD). Methods The APP/PS1 mice were used as an animal model for AD research, at the stage when amyloid protein was not detected in mice (2 months of age). Mice in the xueshuantong group (APP/PS1+PNS) were administered by gavage once a day at a dose of 60 mg/kg for six months (for 8 months of age). The mice of the control group were given 0.9% sodium chloride (APP/PS1+Vehicle) intragastric treatment of the same volume, while the wild-type mice of the same age were given 0.9% sodium chloride intragastric treatment as the normal control group (WT+Vehicle) (15 mice in each group, n=15). After six months, the cognitive function of the mice was evaluated by the Novel Object Recognition (NOR) task and Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. The activity of BACE1, the distribution and expression of Nav1.1α, as well as the expression and enzymatic hydrolysis of Navβ2 (Navβ2 full-length and Navβ2-CTF fragments) in cortex and hippocampus were detected by EEG, Western blot and cell surface biotinylation assay, respectively. Results The NOR task showed that compared with the mice in the APP/PS1+Vehicle group, the Discrimination index (DI) of mice in the APP/PS1 group was significantly increased after xueshuantong administration (P < 0.05). The MWM test found that, the escape latency of the mice in the xueshuantong group was shortened followed six months in gastric administration (P < 0.05), while the stay time in the target quadrant and the number of platforms significantly increased (P < 0.05) after the removal of the platform. The results of EEG recording showed that xueshuantong reduced the frequency of spike-wave discharges in APP/PS1 mice (P < 0.05). Furthermore, xueshuantong significantly reduced the expression of BACE1 (P < 0.05). In the APP+PNS group, the expression of Navβ2 full-length was increased (P < 0.05), as well as corrected the abnormal distribution of Nav1.1α inside and outside of neurons (P<0.05). Conclusion Treatment with xueshuantong can significantly improve the learning and memory ability and correct the abnormal excitability of the brain in AD model mice. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of BACE1 activity, the reduction of APP/PS1-induced excessive enzyme digestion of Navβ2, the correction of the abnormal expression and distribution of Nav1.1α in cortical and hippocampal neurons, as well as the subsequent regulation of neuronal excitability. -
Key words:
- Xueshuantong /
- Alzheimer’ s disease /
- Cognition /
- BACE1 /
- The enzymolysis of Navβ2 /
- The distribution of Nav1.1α
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急性冠状动脉综合征 (acute coronary syndrome,ACS)是冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病中的最严重类型,也是造成心脑血管疾病人群死亡的最直接原因,主要因冠脉粥样硬化脂质斑块侵袭或破裂,同时合并远端冠状动脉血管栓塞与血栓致心肌灌注不足,继而诱发心肌缺血、缺氧甚至坏死。若ACS不能及时救治并早期恢复血运重建,将并发心力衰竭、室间隔穿孔、恶性心律失常等,甚至导致患者心脏破裂及猝死等不良的临床结局。临床在治疗ACS时常以稳定斑块、抗血栓为重要原则,而PCI术是恢复血运重建的关键手段,能有效降低心血管不良事件的发生并控制死亡率[1-2]。但值得注意的是,PCI术后ACS患者常出现支架内再狭窄甚至栓塞、血管内皮炎症反应等情况,还有可能出现心血管不良事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)、导致不可逆心肌受损等,造成患者严重的预后不良。故防止ACS患者PCI术后出现心肌损伤、心血管不良事件对改善患者远期心血管预后意义重大[2-3]。
尼可地尔作为1种新型的ATP敏感的钾离子通道增敏剂,除具有保护心肌细胞、扩张血管的功能外,还有改善微循环、解除冠脉痉挛、增加冠状动脉血流并提高冠状动脉血流灌注的功能。多项研究表明,尼可地尔在预防PCI术后血管微血栓及MACE事件的发生起到重要作用[4-7]。但尼可地尔能否影响PCI术后的炎症因子水平进而改善血管内皮功能,目前相关的临床研究文献较少。为进一步明确尼可地尔在ACS患者PCI术后对血管内皮功能的改善及血管相关炎性指标的影响,现将2022年8月至2023年1月在大连医科大学附属第二医院心内科行PCI术治疗的66例ACS患者纳为研究对象。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
本次共选取66例ACS老年患者,均于大连医科大学附属第二医院心血管内科接受PCI手术,病例纳入起始时间为2022年8月,结束时间为2023年1月。遵循完全随机设计法分组(每组各33例),对照组男女之比为20∶13;年龄62~75岁,均值(69.93±7.45)岁;病程11~23个月,平均(15.64±4.17)个月。试验组男女之比为22∶11;年龄63~74岁,均值(69.88±7.33)岁;病程12~22个月,平均(15.87±4.09)个月。经比较2组患者基线资料表明,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
纳入标准:(1)确诊为ACS者,诊断标准与《美国冠心病诊疗指南》[8]相符;(2)所有患者需签署临床知情同意。排除标准:(1)既往存在PCI术史,有其他抗凝禁忌证者;(2)对尼可地尔过敏或伴有出血性脑血管疾病者;(3)患有痴呆症、听力及语言障碍者。所有研究对象签定伦理研究知情同意书,通过大连医科大学附属第二医院伦理委员会专家组审核通过2021年第121号。
1.2 研究方法
对照组实施常规疗法:术前术后给予硫酸氢氯吡格雷,每日1次,每次75 mg口服(乐普药业有限公司;国药准字H20123116)和阿司匹林肠溶片,每日1次,每次100 mg口服(江苏平光制药有限公司;国药准字H32026317)双联抗血小板治疗;调脂稳定粥样斑块予阿托伐他汀钙片20 mg,每晚1次,每次20 mg口服(辉瑞制药公司;国药准字H20051407);改善心室重构予ACEI;降低心肌耗氧量、稳定心率予β-受体阻滞剂等。试验组在上述治疗条件下加用尼可地尔治疗,即术后给予患者尼可地尔片(广州白云山明兴制药公司;国药准字H44024197)口服治疗,每日3次,每次5 mg,2组患者合计治疗30 d。
1.3 观察指标
(1)2组炎性指标检测:该项检测于术前、术后30 d进行,内容如下:嘱咐患者空腹8 h,对其肱静脉血进行抽取,一般为10 mL,完成后放置在3.2 %柠檬酸钠抗凝管内,其后在室温下以
1000 r/min的速度离心15 min,明确无溶血后对上层血清液进行提取,最后放置在EP管内,保存在-80 ℃。通过酶联免疫吸附法对肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)和超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平进行检测。(2)2患者Hcy水平检测:治疗前、治疗后30 d进行检测,将抽取的静脉血放置在生化管内,离心分离血清,通过高效液相色谱法对Hcy水平进行测定。(3)2组患者不良反应:治疗中对患者神经系统症状(头胀痛及头晕)、胃肠道反应、心悸呼吸困难等表现进行随访,做好相关记录。1.4 统计学处理
所有计量资料符合正态分布以均数±标准差( $\bar x \pm s $)表示,计数资料比较采用卡方χ2检验,采用独立样本t检验。所有数据采用统计软件SPSS 26.0进行分析及作图。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
2. 结 果
2.1 基线资料分析
2组患者基线资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。
表 1 2组患者基线资料情况比较 [n(%)]Table 1. Comparison of baseline information between the two groups [n(%)]项目 对照组(n=33) 试验组(n=33) χ2/t P 性别 男 20(60.6) 22(66.7) 0.524 0.469 女 13(39.4) 11(33.3) 年龄(岁) 69.93±7.45 69.88±7.33 1.137 0.259 起病时间(月) 15.64±4.17 15.87±4.09 −0.389 0.698 阿司匹林肠溶片 33(100.0) 33(100.0) − − 硫酸氢氯吡格雷片 33(100.0) 33(100.0) − − 阿托伐他汀钙片 33(100.0) 33(100.0) − − ACEI/ARB类药物 24(72.7) 21(63.6) 0.581 0.446 β受体阻滞剂 29(87.9) 31(93.9) 0.721 0.675 预扩球囊扩张 33(100.0) 33(100.0) − − 后扩球囊扩张 26(78.8) 21(63.6) 1.726 0.189 支架成功开通 33(100.0) 33(100.0) − − TIMI血流3级 33(100.0) 33(100.0) − − 2.2 2组患者炎性指标分析
和治疗前比较,2组患者血清中炎性因子水平明显降低,且试验组患者降低更明显,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。
表 2 2组患者炎性因子水平相比( $\bar x \pm s$,n=33)Table 2. Comparison of the inflammatory factor levels between the two groups( $\bar x \pm s$,n=33)组别 IL-6(pg/mL) TNF-α(pg/mL) hs-CRP(mg/L) 治疗前 治疗后 治疗前 治疗后 治疗前 治疗后 对照组 4.62±1.05 4.14±0.28 110.52±2.49 10.63±1.18 9.61±0.32 8.05±0.24 试验组 4.65±1.02 3.26±0.11 110.71±2.60 7.61±1.20 9.74±0.29 4.04±0.15 t 0.118 16.804 0.303 10.308 1.729 81.393 P 0.907 <0.001* 0.763 <0.001* 0.089 <0.001* 与治疗前比较,*P<0.05。 2.3 2组患者Hcy水平分析
和治疗前比较,2组患者血清中Hcy水平均明显下降,且试验组低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表3。
表 3 2组患者治疗前后Hcy水平比较( $ \bar x \pm s $, n=33)Table 3. Comparison of Hcy levels before and after treatment between the two groups( $ \bar x \pm s $, n=33)组别 治疗前 治疗后 t P 对照组 12.96±1.20 10.90±2.62 4.106 <0.001* 试验组 12.90±1.13 7.08±2.66 11.568 <0.001* t 0.209 5.877 P 0.835 <0.001* 与治疗前比较,*P<0.05. 2.4 2组患者不良反应分析
试验组共出现3例不良反应,而对照组为2例,2组患者比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.216,P>0.05),见图1。
3. 讨 论
ACS是1组由急性心肌缺血缺氧导致的1组临床心血管综合事件表现,其病理基础为血管内皮炎性改变、功能损伤,两者在ACS的整个发生与发展中均有所参与[1,7]。钱灿等[9]的研究指出,重建冠脉血运能预防急性心梗、改善心绞痛发作。ACS患者行PCI术是治疗冠心病的重要手段,尤其针对冠状动脉重度狭窄患者可改善心肌血供、降低MACE事件发生等。近年来,随着医疗技术的不断提高及国家冠脉支架集中带量采购政策的全面推广,PCI的普及率、安全性、有效性明显提高,且患者手术并发症也逐渐减少,但PCI治疗时受术者经验、支架型号、球囊扩张等因素的影响,会损伤局部血管内皮,促进炎性因子合成、释放,导致局部血管炎症反应加重。此外,术后血栓脱落导致冠脉血管边支血管堵塞或血管远端栓塞,极可能促使支架内形成血栓甚至发生急性闭塞[10-12]。
ACS患者PCI术后因冠脉血流再灌注,会导致大量的自由基在短时间内被释放出来,降低钙收缩蛋白的反应或造成钙超载,从而诱发一系列炎症反应。在ACS的病程发生、进展中,TNF-α都有所参与,并且其水平和患者病情严重程度成正比。IL-6能将斑块状态反映出来,如破裂、炎症等;hs-CRP则是1项能反映机体炎症反应的关键指标,在心肌细胞遭受损伤时,血清IL-6水平与hs-CRP水平将快速增加,待损伤减轻时,这两者的水平也会随之下降[13-14]。故在ACS患者PCI术后治疗中,对上述炎症因子进行检测,有利于了解患者病情恢复情况。Hcy为人体内含硫氨基酸的重要的代谢产物,能通过促使内皮细胞受损,还能导致平滑肌细胞增生,其水平能作为ACS的重要预测指标[13,15-16]。当机体内皮功能失调后,Hcy水平将显著升高,使血管内皮依赖性降低;同时,其还能和低密度脂蛋白产生作用,抑制脂质代谢,促使细胞内胆固醇大量堆积[13-17]。
在本研究中,通过分析2组患者治疗后的效果不难发现,试验组hs-CRP、TNF-α和IL-6等炎症因子水平控制效果更可观、Hcy水平明显降低;另外,2组患者均未出现严重副作用(P>0.05),表明在ACS患者PCI术后加用尼可地尔实用性高,既能有效抑制术后炎症介质释放,下调Hcy水平对改善患者的临床预后有利,同时进而改善炎症因子介导的血管内皮功能及冠脉微循环障碍,使血管内细胞凋亡逆转,发挥出抗氧化、抗炎效果[17-19]。
综上所述,行PCI术后的ACS老年患者采用尼可地尔疗效显著,能消除炎性介质的影响进而改善冠状动脉血管内皮功能,降低Hcy水平及保证用药安全,为医生临床用药的选择提供指导,为临床推广提供科学依据。
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图 1 Morris水迷宫任务显示血栓通对APP/PS1小鼠空间学习记忆变化的影响
A:各组小鼠在训练期间从第1天到第6天的逃避潜伏期;B:探针实验测试期间在目标象限所花费的时间;C:探针实验中在目标平台的穿梭次数;D:探针实验中APP/PS1小鼠的游泳路径。($ \bar x \pm s $,n=15),*P < 0.05 vs. WT+Vehicle,#P<0.05 vs. APP/PS1+PNS。
Figure 1. Morris water maze task shows the effect of xueshuantong on spatial learning and memory changes in APP/PS1 mice
图 4 血栓通改变APP/PS1小鼠中Nav1.1α的分布和Navβ2的裂解
A:各组小鼠额叶皮层和海马中BACE1、Navβ2全长、Navβ2-CTF的蛋白电泳图;B:各组小鼠额叶皮层和海马中BACE1的蛋白表达比较;C:各组小鼠额叶皮层和海马中Navβ2全长的蛋白表达比较;D:各组小鼠额叶皮层和海马中Navβ2-CTF的蛋白表达比较;E:各组小鼠额叶皮层和海马中的Nav1.1α的总量、细胞外Nav1.1α和细胞内Nav1.1α的蛋白电泳图;F:各组小鼠额叶皮层和海马中Nav1.1α总量的蛋白表达比较;G:各组小鼠额叶皮层和海马中细胞外Nav1.1α的蛋白表达比较;H:各组小鼠额叶皮层和海马中细胞外Nav1.1α的蛋白表达比较。($ \bar x \pm s $,n=15),*P<0.05 vs. WT+ Vehicle,#P<0.05 vs. APP/PS1 + PNS。
Figure 4. Xueshuantong alters Nav1.1α distribution and Navβ2 cleavage in APP/PS1 mice
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