Effect of MSC-exo,a New Cell Delivery Tool,on Gene Delivery and Proliferation of Pancreatic Cancer
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摘要:
目的 观察1种新型细胞递送工具(MSC-exo)转运靶向基因调控胰腺癌增殖效应。 方法 透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)和纳米颗粒跟踪分析技术(nanoparticle tracking analysis,NTA)鉴定人间充质干细胞外泌体(human mesenchymal stem cell exosomes,MSC-exo)并转运miR-450a-5p进入CFPAC-1,探讨miR-450a-5p靶向BZW2抑制胰腺癌细胞增殖效应。基因技术处理Pc-BZW2,CCK-8、EdU、细胞划痕、Transwell验证MSC-exo与MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p对细胞的抑制作用。 结果 与胰腺正常组织相比miR-450a-5p在胰腺癌组织中低表达(P<0.05),CFPAC-1细胞MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p外泌体标记蛋白CD63、TSG101表达高于MSC-exo(P<0.05)。CCK-8、EdU、细胞划痕、Transwell实验显示MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p较MSC-exo可显著抑制CFPAC-1细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移(P<0.05)。通过双荧光素酶实验证实,miR-450a-5p靶向BZW2,并且RT-qPCR和免疫印迹检测miR-450a-5p和 BZW2表达成负性相关(P<0.05)。过表达BZW2,CCK-8、EdU、细胞划痕、Transwell实验均证实,pc-BZW2逆转MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p对CFPAC-1的抑癌功能,免疫印迹检测PCNA、Ki-67、MMP2、MMP9,结果与上述实验一致(P<0.05)。 结论 hMSC-exo是1种新的递送系统,靶向BZW2转运miR-450a-5p抑制胰腺癌细胞的生物学恶性,为胰腺癌靶向治疗研究提供了重要线索。 -
关键词:
- 胰腺癌 /
- 间充质干细胞 /
- 外泌体 /
- miR-450a-5p /
- BZW2
Abstract:Objective To observe the effect of a new cell delivery tool (MSC exo) on the proliferation of pancreatic cancer by transferring targeted genes. Methods Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis(NTA) were used to identify human mesenchymal stem cell exosomes(MSC-exo) and transport miR-450a-5p into CFPAC-1, to explore the effect of miR-450a-5p targeting BZW2 on inhibiting the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. Results The expression of miR-450a-5p was low in pancreatic cancer tissue (P<0.05), and the expression of CD63 and TSG101 of MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p in CFPAC-1 cells was higher than that of MSC-exo by Western blot(P<0.05). CCK-8 and EdU results showed that MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p significantly inhibited the proliferation of CFPAC-1 cells (P<0.05). Cell scratch and Transwell experiments showed that MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p can inhibit the migration and invasion of CFPAC-1 cells (P<0.05). Through dual luciferase assay, it was confirmed that miR-450a-5p targets BZW2, and RT-qPCR and Western blotting showed a negative correlation (P<0.05) between miR-450a-5p and BZW2 expression. Overexpression of BZW2, CCK-8, EdU, cell scratch, and Transwell experiments confirmed that pc-BZW2 reversed the anti-cancer function of MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p on CFPAC-1. Western blot detected PCNA,Ki-67,MMP2,MMP9, and the results were consistent with the above experiments (P<0.05). Conclusion hMSC exo is a new delivery system, targeting BZW2 to transport miR-450a-5p to inhibit the biological malignancy of pancreatic cancer cells, which provides an important clue for the research of targeted treatment of pancreatic cancer. -
Key words:
- Pancreatic adenocarcinoma /
- Mesenchymal stem cell /
- Exosomes /
- miR-450a-5p /
- BZW2
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卵巢癌是一种常见的恶性肿瘤,影响当代妇女生命安全[1]。据报道,2018年全球新增病例295 414例,受害者超过18万人,预计2020年全球OC的新发病例为308 069例,死亡约193.811例[2]。除手术外,以铂类药物为主的化学治疗是目前卵巢癌主要治疗手段,但肿瘤耐对上皮性卵巢癌的化疗带来了极大的挑战,其调控机制十分复杂[3-4]。
microRNA(miRNAs )存在于多种生物体中,在细胞生存和肿瘤发生等过程中发挥重要的调控作用[5-6]。随着对miRNAs研究,miRNAs参与卵巢癌的化疗中肿瘤耐性的作用及调控机制研究也日渐深入[7]。miR-181a在肝癌、结肠癌、恶性脑胶质瘤、霍奇金淋巴瘤等肿瘤发生中发挥重要的调控作用[8-10],但其与卵巢上皮性癌(卵巢癌)化疗耐药及其机制的研究未见报道。PPKCD被证实是一种促凋亡蛋白激酶,与细胞周期进展有关且参与多种细胞进程,特别是在化疗耐受方面受到广泛关注[11]。本研究通过功能获得性和缺失性研究,联合MicroRNA靶基因预测数据库分析,探讨miR-181a影响PRKCD基因表达及卵巢癌A2780/DDP细胞及A2780细胞的增殖,为卵巢癌靶向治疗奠定一定的理论基础。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 细胞与试剂
卵巢癌耐药细胞A2780/DDP及敏感细胞A2780均获赠于新疆医科大学第一附属医院肿瘤中心。1640培养基购自以色列BI公司。脂质体2000购买于美国LifeTechnologies公司。BCA蛋白定量试剂盒购自美国Thermo公司。PRKCD抗体、β-actin均购自美国Abcam公司。miR-181a mimics和inhibitors及阴性对照购买于美国Dharmacon公司。TaqManMicroRNA试剂盒,反转录试剂盒购自美国Life公司。
1.2 实验方法
1.2.1 实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)
细胞达到适宜密度时,使用无菌细胞刮收集细胞沉淀,加入Trizol后对细胞进行总RNA的提取,随后按照相对应产品说明书,对RNA进行反转录以及目的基因的扩增。反应条件如下:94 ℃预变性2 min,94 ℃变性1 min,60 ℃退火30 s,70 ℃延伸15 s,执行35个循环,以U6作为内参照,根据2-△△CT计算RNA相对表达量,并进行数据分析。每一组实验重复3次。引物序列如下,
miR-181a:上游5′ -TGCGGGTGCTCCGCTTCGGCAGC-3′ ,
下游5′ -GAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT-3′ ;
U6:上游5′ -CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3′ ,
下游 5′ -AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3′ 。
1.2.2 细胞转染
取1×105个/孔的A2780及A2780/DDP细胞接种于6孔板内,按照预实验结果对上述两种细胞进行转染。分组情况如下,将A2780细胞分为3 组,分别为miR-181a inhibitor组(转染miR-181a inhibitor),inhibitorNC组(阴性对照),空白组(常规培养基培养)。 将A2780/DDP细胞同样分为3组,分别为miR-181a mimics组(转染miR-181a mimics),mimicsNC组(阴性对照),空白组(常规培养基培养)。转染6 h后更换培养基,继续培养48 h,在荧光倒置显微镜下观察绿色荧光亮度,随后采用Real-time PCR检测转染效率。
1.2.3 MTT
96孔板中加入适当密度的细胞,待细胞过夜贴壁后,向每孔中分别加入浓度不同的顺铂,浓度如下0、10、20、30、40、50 μmol/L,同一种浓度下设3个复孔。 20 μL MTT溶液添加至孔中,37 ℃环境中放置4 h,随后加入150 μL 的DMSO。酶标仪中设置波长570 nm,测定每个孔中的吸光度数值(OD),取3组平均值。细胞存活率(%)=(OD实验孔/OD对照孔)×100%,绘制细胞的生存曲线。
1.2.4 蛋白质提取及Western blot
向状态良好的细胞中加入100 μL强效RIPA裂解液在冰上裂解30 min,期间每隔10 min吹打一次,共3次,保证细胞裂解充分。用无菌的细胞刮将裂解液和细胞的混合物转移至EP管中离心,在BCA蛋白定量试剂盒的指导下进行蛋白定量,用于后续Western blot实验。
检测电泳设备无漏液后,每孔道添加30 µg蛋白,经过恒压湿转,将SDS-PAGE上的蛋白转移至PVDF膜上,封闭液封闭1 h,加入一抗4 ℃孵育过夜,抗体浓度分别为1∶500的PRKCD,1∶1000的β-actin。次日,使用HRP标记的二抗室温条件下孵育1 h,利用配制的ECL显影剂(A液∶B液 = 1∶1)于暗室下显影。
1.2.5 统计学处理
采用SPSS16.0统计学软件进行统计分析;计量资料以均数±标准差(
$\bar x \pm s $ )表示,采用t检验或方差分析。以P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。2. 结果
2.1 miR-181a在A2780及A2780/DDP细胞中mRNA水平的变化
Real-timePCR技术检测显示miR-181a在A2780/DDP细胞中mRNA表达量低于A2780细胞(P < 0.05)(图1)。随后选取A2780/DDP细胞进行miR-181a mimics转染,选取A2780细胞进行miR-181a inhibitor转染。
2.2 miR-181a mimics与inhibitors转染效率的比较
利用qRT-PCR技术对转染miR-181ainhibitor和miR-181amimics的细胞进行检测,结果显示,与NC组相比,A2780细胞中miR-181a的表达明显被抑制(图2A);A2780/DDP细胞后miR-181a的表达明显增强(图2B)。以上结果表明miR-181ainhibitor和miR-181amimics转染有效干预了A2780细胞和A2780/DDP细胞中miR-181a的表达,可应用于接下来的实验。
2.3 转染miR-181a后两种卵巢癌对顺铂耐药性的检测
MTT结果显示,抑制miR-181a后, A2780细胞的存活率随着DDP药物浓度(0、10、20、30、40、50 μmol/L)的增加明显提升(P < 0.05)(表1)。miR-181a 上调后,随着药物浓度的提高,A2780/DDP细胞存活率明显下降,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)(表2)。
表 1 A2780细胞在不同浓度顺铂作用下的MTT数值Table 1. MTT results of A2780 cells treated with different concentrations of Cisplatin组别 药物浓度(μmol/L) 0 10 20 30 40 50 阴性对照组 96.48 ± 1.58 73.42 ± 1.82 52.36 ± 1.32 19.87 ± 2.63 11.28 ± 2.36 6.68 ± 1.72 低表达组 97.23 ± 1.22 86.72 ± 1.76* 79.52 ± 1.68* 69.86 ± 1.92* 49.62 ± 1.56* 20.27 ± 1.82* t −3.007 −12.026 −130.674 −121.951 −83.009 −235.386 P 0.10 0.01 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 与阴性对照组比较,*P < 0.05。 表 2 A2780/DDP细胞在不同浓度顺铂作用下的MTT数值Table 2. MTT results of A2780/DDP cells treated with different concentrations of Cisplatin组别 药物浓度(μmol/L) 0 10 20 30 40 50 阴性对照组 97.42 ± 1.42 92.85 ± 1.72 85.64 ± 1.87 82.48 ± 2.24 76.95 ± 1.98 61.12 ± 2.32 低表达组 97.16 ± 1.82 88.63 ± 1.87 84.72 ± 1.87 76.12 ± 1.87 59.72 ± 2.52 40.58 ± 2.78 t 1.126 48.728 0.6025 29.773 55.265 77.34 P 0.377 < 0.001 0.579 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 2.4 miR-181a表达改变对A2780及A2780/DDP细胞中PRKCD蛋白的影响
利用TargetScan、miRDB与miRwalk数据库,对3个数据库进行交集得到517个基因,提示PRKCD可能为miR-181a的下游靶基因(图3),结合Western blot技术验证,结果表明A2780细胞转染miR-181a inhibitors后PRKCD蛋白表达明显增强;而miR-181a 表达上调后,A2780/DDP细胞中PRKCD蛋白表达显著减少(图4)。提示PRKCD蛋白可能作为miR-181a的下游靶基因受其调控。
3. 讨论
卵巢癌是死率最高的妇科恶性肿瘤之一,5 a生存率仅为25%~30%,高死亡率的原因包括早期症状隐匿,约70%的患者确诊时已为中晚期,且缺乏行之有效的治疗手段[12]。现阶段,以手术结合术后化疗药物治疗卵巢癌已经成为主流手段。但随着治疗周期的持续,肿瘤细胞对其敏感性也会逐渐下降,部分患者短时间之内发生复发,5 a生存率仍很低,疗效仍不理想。
近年来,随着RNA干扰技术的崛起,其作为一种重要工具和手段已经参与到基因诊断和靶点治疗。目前,研究发现卵巢癌化疗耐药与miRNAs表达谱特征密切相关,并且已证实多种miRNAs具有调控卵巢癌化疗敏感性的作用[13-15]。miRNAs的研究不但揭示了这种生物学过程中的潜在机制,也为深入研究肿瘤耐药性机制提供了可能。miRNAs是细胞增殖、死亡、对抗外界应激和脂肪代谢的关键调节因子[16],有研究表明,miR-181a在结肠癌[7]、淋巴瘤[8]、肝癌[9]、恶性脑胶质瘤[10]中能够起到负性调节细胞恶性生物学行为的能力。虽然研究已证实miR-181a在头颈部肿瘤[17]、小细胞肺癌[18]等肿瘤耐药机制中扮演着重要角色,然而其在调节卵巢癌细胞耐药机制方面的研究报道较少。
本实验发现,miR-181a表达在卵巢癌A2780细胞中的表达高于卵巢癌A2780/DDP细胞(图1),故采用RNA干扰技术沉默A2780细胞中的miR-181a,相反,对A2780/DDP细胞中miR-181a过表达,通过qRT-PCR技术验证转染效率(图2)。将不同浓度顺铂添加至转染前后及空白组细胞中,结果提示下调miR-218的表达,细胞存活率显著提高,当耐药细胞株中miR-181a表达增高时,细胞存活率降低,表明miR-218在A2780细胞对顺铂的敏感性方面起到抑制作用。根据上述实验结果可以推测miR-181a能使卵巢癌细胞对顺铂的敏感性降低,从而影响卵巢癌细胞的化疗耐药。
PRKCD (蛋白激酶C δ),是最早发现的不依赖钙激活的蛋白激酶C的同工酶[19],是生长因子信号传导通路上的重要组成部分,能调节各种细胞功能,包括细胞增殖,分化,死亡[20-21]。PRKCD的激活和细胞周期有关[22],且PRKCD的下调能够显著影响肿瘤的恶性进展[23]。PRKCD在细胞凋亡中的作用已被广泛研究,而促进细胞凋亡的机制尚不明确,研究报道凋亡信号通路相关的几种蛋白可作为PRKCD的底物,其中包括促凋亡蛋白Smac和Tap63[24],抗凋亡蛋白Mcl‐1。在化疗药物治疗肿瘤机制研究中,PKCD被认为是细胞凋亡的重要媒介[25]。采用TargetScan、miRDB与miRwalk等数据库分析,PRKCD基因可能是miR-181a的靶基因(图3),Ke等报道miR-181a通过抑制PRKCD的表达增加宫颈癌对放疗的耐药性[26],笔者的结果表明miR-181a与PRKCD蛋白表达之间可能存在负调控(图4),与预测结果及上述文献一致。
以上结果提示miR-181a在抑制卵巢癌细胞对顺铂的耐药性方面存在一定作用,且可能通过调控PRKCD表达来实现。但对于miR-181a在卵巢癌顺铂化疗耐药性及免疫治疗中的具体作用机制,以及其在卵巢癌预后方面的作用尚需进一步的研究。
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图 2 CFPAC-1细胞摄取MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p
A:使用生物透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察样品中外泌体的形态和大小;B:外泌体和MSC-exo的平均粒径和主峰;C:标记蛋白(CD63和TSG101)的表达水平在MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p组中较高;D:miR-450a-5p在MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p组中的表达高于MSC-exo组;E:CFPAC-1细胞摄取MSC-exo和MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p。与MSC-exo组比较,***P<0.001。
Figure 2. CFPAC-1 cells uptake MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p
图 3 MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p抑制CFPAC-1细胞生物学行为
A:MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p显著抑制胰腺癌细胞增殖;B:EdU测定MSC-exo-miR-450a-5P对细胞的增殖影响;C:用蛋白质印迹法检测增殖相关蛋白的水平;D~E:MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p抑制侵袭和迁移;F:MMP2和MMP9的蛋白水平被MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p抑制,与MSC-exo组比较,***P<0.001。
Figure 3. MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p inhibits the biological behavior of CFPAC-1 cells
图 5 BZW2在CFPAC-1细胞中呈高表达
A:根据“StarBase”数据库,BZW2在胰腺癌组织中的表达水平高于正常组织,与Normal组比较,*P<0.05。B:BZW2在胰腺癌细胞中表达较高,与HPC-Y5组比较,***P<0.001。C:RT-qPCR检测用miR-450a-5p模拟物转染的胰腺癌细胞中BZW2的基因表达;D:免疫印迹分析检测用miR-450a-5p模拟物转染的胰腺癌细胞中BZW2的蛋白表达;E:miR-450a-5p与BZW2的相关性分析,与NC mimic组比较,***P<0.001。
Figure 5. BZW2 is highly expressed in CFPAC-1 cells
图 6 Pc-BZW2逆转MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p的增殖抑制功能
A:基于CCK-8测定,MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p抑制CFPAC-1增殖,而Pc-BZW2逆转了增殖效应;B:分组处理细胞,EdU实验检测,BZW2逆转MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p对胰腺癌的增殖效应;C:miR-450a-5p抑制PCNA和Ki-67的表达,而Pc-BZW2部分逆转了这种作用;D:分组处理,MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p抑制侵袭过程;E:分组处理, MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p抑制迁移过程;F:MMP2和MMP9的蛋白水平被MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p抑制,但Pc-BZW2可逆转,与MSC-exo组比较,***P<0.001,与MSC-exo-miR-450a-5p+pc-NC组比较,###P<0.001。
Figure 6. Pc-BZW2 reverses the proliferation inhibition function of MSC exo miR-450a-5p
表 1 引物序列
Table 1. Primer sequence
基因 上游 下游 miR-450a-5p 5'-TTTTGCGATGTGTTCC-3' 5'-GTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT-3' U6 5'-TGCTCACTGTCTAAAATTGG-3' 5'-AGAAGAAGTCTGCTGTTGAC-3' BZW2 5'-CTAACAGGCCAGCGGTTCAAA-3' 5'-GGACAAGTGTATCCCTGAAGACT-3' B-actin 5'-ACACAGTGCTGTCTGGTGGT-3' 5'-TGATCTTCATGGTGCTGGGAG-3' -
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