Clinical Features and Prognostic Factors of 310 Patients with Antituberculosis Drug-induced Liver Injury
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摘要:
目的 分析310例抗结核药物性肝损伤(anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury,ATB-DILI)患者临床特点,探讨预后影响因素,为其预防及治疗提供参考。 方法 收集2020年11月至2022年11月昆明市第三人民医院结核科住院治疗符合ATB-DILI诊断的初治结核患者,按性别、年龄、既往史、结核类型、合并疾病、导致肝损伤的抗结核方案频次、保肝药使用情况、处理与转归等进行统计,分析患者临床特点及预后影响因素。 结果 纳入310例患者,男,148例(47.74%),女,162例(52.26%)。平均年龄(44.33±17.47)岁。34例患者有过敏史。异烟肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺、乙胺丁醇联合用药(244例,78.71%)是导致肝损伤例数最多的抗结核方案。ATB-DILI患者开始使用结核方案至出现肝损伤的中位时间为30 d,住院时间平均为(16.39±7.01 )d。使用最多的保肝药物为还原型谷胱甘肽(154例,49.68%),大多数患者联合使用2种保肝药(128例,41.29%)。肝损伤好转257例(82.90%),53例未愈(17.10%)。好转与未愈相比,饮酒、严重程度、临床分型、凝血酶时间(thrombin time,TT)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBIL)、直接胆红素(direct bilirubin,DBIL)、间接胆红素(indirect bilirubin,IBIL)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-glutamyltransferase,GGT)差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),严重程度和ALP偏高是预后不良的独立危险因素。 结论 应用抗结核药物前应仔细询问患者有无基础肝病史和酗酒史,在抗结核治疗过程中,联合使用抗结核药比单一药物的应用造成肝损伤的严重程度要大,应谨慎使用可能导致肝损伤的药物并探索改良的抗结核方案,同时抗结核治疗期间尤其是用药后30 d内需定期监测肝功能,以减少不良反应的发生。 Abstract:Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of 310 patients with anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury (ATB-DILI), to explore prognostic influencing factors, and to provide reference for its prevention and treatment. Methods Primary tuberculosis patients hospitalized in the Department of Tuberculosis of the Third People's Hospital of Kunming from November 2020 to November 2022 who met the diagnosis of ATB-DILI were enrolled. Statistics by gender, age, history, type of tuberculosis, co-morbidities, frequency of anti-tuberculosis regimens leading to liver injury, use of hepatoprotective drugs, and management and regression were performed to analyze the clinical characteristics of the patients and the factors influencing their prognosis. Results 310 patients were included, male, 148 (47.74%) and female, 162 (52.26%). The mean age was 44.33±17.47 years. Thirty-four patients had a history of allergy. The combination of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol (244 patients, 78.71%) was the anti-tuberculosis regimen that resulted in the highest number of cases of hepatic injury. The median time between initiation of the tuberculosis regimen and the development of hepatic injury in patients with ATB-DILI was 30 d, and the mean duration of hospitalization was 16.39±7.01 d. The most used hepatoprotective drug was reduced glutathione (154 patients, 49.68%), and most patients used a combination of 2 hepatoprotective drugs (128 patients, 41.29%). Liver injury improved in 257 cases (82.90%) and failed in 53 cases (17.10%). The differences in alcohol consumption, severity, clinical staging, TT, ALP, TBIL, DBIL, IBIL, and GGT were statistically significant compared to those who did not recover (P < 0.05), and severity and high ALP were independent risk factors for poor prognosis. Conclusions Patients should be carefully asked if they have a history of basic liver disease and alcoholism before using anti-tuberculosis drugs. In the course of anti-tuberculosis treatment, the combined use of anti-tuberculosis drugs is more serious than the use of single drugs to cause liver damage. Drugs that may cause liver damage should be used with caution and improved anti-tuberculosis programs should be explored. At the same time, liver function should be monitored regularly during anti-tuberculosis treatment, especially 30 days after medication, in order to reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions. -
表 1 患者临床资料[n(%)]
Table 1. Clinical data of patients[n(%)]
类别 项目 例次 类别 项目 例次 性别 男 148(47.74) 合并疾病 低蛋白血症 147(47.42) 女 162(52.26) 高尿酸血症 104(33.55) 年龄 < 20岁 20(6.45) 细胞免疫缺陷 75(24.19) 20~39岁 112(36.13) 营养不良 65(20.97) 40~59岁 113(36.45) 白细胞减少 41(13.23) ≥60岁 65(20.97) 高血压 37(11.94) 婚姻 已婚 255(82.26) 基础肝病 31(10) 未婚 55(17.74) 糖尿病 23(7.42) 职业 农民 157(50.65) 临床分型 肝细胞损伤型 207(66.77) 其他 109(35.16) 肝脏生物化学异常 90(29.03) 学生 25(8.06) 胆汁淤积型 8(2.58) 职员 19(6.13) 混合型 5(1.61) 籍贯 云南省 276(89.03) 严重程度 1级(轻度肝损伤) 275(88.71) 其他省份 34(10.97) 2级(中度肝损伤) 27(8.71) 民族 汉族 234(75.48) 3级(重度肝损伤) 5(1.61) 非汉族 76(24.52) 4级(ALF) 3(0.97) 过敏史 有 34(10.97) 出现肝损时间 < 7 d 27(8.71) 无 276(89.03) 7~30 d 205(66.13) 吸烟史 有 34(10.97) 31~60 d 47(15.16) 无 276(89.03) > 60 d 31(10) 饮酒史 有 32(10.32) 转归 好转 257(82.9) 无 278(89.68) 未愈 53(17.1) 结核类型 单纯肺结核 109(35.16) 肺外结核 201(64.84) 表 2 导致肝损伤的抗结核方案[n(%)]
Table 2. Anti-tuberculosis regimens leading to liver injury[n(%)]
抗结核方案 例次 异烟肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺、乙胺丁醇 243(78.39) 异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇、左氧氟沙星 18(5.81) 异烟肼、利福喷丁、乙胺丁醇、左氧氟沙星 11(3.55) 帕司烟肼、利福喷丁、乙胺丁醇、左氧氟沙星 5(1.61) 异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺、乙胺丁醇、左氧氟沙星 4(1.29) 异烟肼、利福喷丁、吡嗪酰胺、乙胺丁醇 4(1.29) 异烟肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺、乙胺丁醇、
莫西沙星4(1.29) 异烟肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺、乙胺丁醇、左氧氟沙星 3(0.97) 帕司烟肼、利福喷丁、吡嗪酰胺、乙胺丁醇 2(0.65) 异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺、乙胺丁醇、莫西沙星 2(0.65) 注:抗结核药物用法用量:异烟肼:成人0.3 g/d,儿童10~15 mg/(kg·d);利福平:成人0.45~0.60 g/d,儿童10~20 mg/(kg·d);吡嗪酰胺:成人20~30 mg/(kg·d),儿童30~40 mg/(kg·d);乙胺丁醇:成人0.75 g/d;左氧氟沙星:0.1 g/次,2~3次/d,最大剂量可增至0.6 g/d,分3次口服;莫西沙星:0.4 g/d;帕司烟肼:成人10~20 mg/(kg·d),儿童20~40 mg/(kg·d);利福喷丁:成人0.6 g/次,1次/d,1~2次/周。 表 3 保肝药使用情况
Table 3. Use of hepatoprotective drugs
项目 例次(n) 占比(%) 还原型谷胱甘肽 154 49.68 双环醇 136 43.87 异甘草酸镁 100 32.26 注射用肝水解肽 98 31.61 多烯磷脂酰胆碱 89 28.71 当飞利肝宁 50 16.13 丁二磺酸腺苷蛋氨酸S 22 7.10 甘草酸二胺 11 3.55 水飞蓟宾 9 2.90 复方甘草酸单铵S 9 2.90 硫普罗宁 2 0.65 使用1种保肝药 80 25.81 联合2种保肝药 128 41.29 联合3种保肝药 64 20.65 联合4种保肝药 32 10.32 联合5种保肝药 6 1.94 表 4 不同严重程度ATB-DILI患者临床资料比较[n(%)]
Table 4. Comparison of clinical data of ATB-DILI patients with different severity[n(%)]
项目 1级轻度肝损伤(n=275) 2级中度肝损伤(n=27) 3级重度肝损伤及以上(n=8) 性别 男 127(46.20) 17(63.00) 4(50.00) 女 148(53.80) 10(37.00) 4(50.00) 过敏史 否 245(89.10) 25(92.60) 6(75.00) 是 30(10.90) 2(7.40) 2(25.00) 吸烟 否 247(89.80) 22(81.50) 7(87.50) 是 28(10.20) 5(18.50) 1(12.50) 饮酒 否 251(91.30) 21(77.80) 6(75.00) 是 24(8.70) 6(22.20) 2(25.00) 合并糖尿病 否 255(92.70) 25(92.60) 7(87.50) 是 20(7.30) 2(7.40) 1(12.50) 合并高血压 否 245(89.10) 21(77.80) 7(87.50) 是 30(10.90) 6(22.20) 1(12.50) 合并基础肝病 否 248(90.20) 24(88.90) 6(75.00) 是 27(9.80) 3(11.10) 2(25.00) 合并营养不良 否 163(59.30) 10(37.00) 3(37.50) 是 112(40.70) 17(63.00) 5(62.50) 临床分型 肝细胞损伤型 186(67.60) 15(55.60) 6(75.00) 胆汁淤积型 6(2.20) 2(7.40) 0(0.00) 混合型 2(0.70) 2(7.40) 1(12.50) 肝脏生物化学异常 81(29.50) 8(29.60) 1(12.50) 保肝药种类 1种 73(26.50) 7(25.90) 0(0.00) 联合2种 115(41.80) 8(29.60) 5(62.50) 联合3种 55(20.00) 6(22.20) 3(37.50) 联合4种 27(9.80) 5(18.50) 0(0.00) 联合5种 5(1.80) 1(3.70) 0(0.00) 预后 好转 239(86.90) 14(51.90) 4(50.00) 未愈 36(13.10) 13(48.10) 4(50.00) 表 5 影响预后的单因素分析[n(%)/M(P25,P75]
Table 5. Analysis of single factors influencing prognosis[n(%)/M(P25,P75]
项目 好转(n=257) 未愈(n=53) Z/χ2 P 性别 0.044 0.833 男 122(82.43) 26(17.57) 女 135(83.33) 27(16.67) 合并基础肝病 0.069 0.793 否 231(83.09) 47(16.91) 是 26(81.25) 6(18.75) 合并糖尿病 0.002 0.969 否 238(82.93) 49(17.07) 是 19(82.61) 4(17.39) 吸烟史 1.115 0.291 无 231(83.70) 45(16.30) 有 26(76.47) 8(23.53) 饮酒史 5.043 0.025* 无 235(84.53) 43(15.47) 有 22(68.75) 10(31.25) 合并高血压 0.607 0.436 否 228(83.52) 45(16.48) 是 29(78.38) 8(21.62) 合并细胞免疫缺陷 0.004 0.950 否 195(82.98) 40(17.02) 是 62(82.67) 13(17.33) 合并营养不良 2.403 0.121 否 151(85.80) 25(14.20) 是 106(79.10) 28(20.90) 严重程度 27.591 < 0.001 ** 1级 239(86.91) 36(13.09) 2级 14(51.85) 13(48.15) 3级及以上 4(50.00) 4(50.00) 临床分型 18.159 < 0.001 ** 肝细胞损伤型 181(87.44) 26(12.56) 胆汁淤积型 3(37.50) 5(62.50) 混合型 3(60.00) 2(40.00) 肝脏生物化学异常 70(77.78) 20(22.22) 导致肝损伤的抗结核方案 0.810 0.368 标化方案 199(81.89) 44(18.11) 非标化方案 58(86.57) 9(13.43) 保肝药种类 5.369 0.249 1种 73(91.25) 7(8.75) 联合2种 102(79.69) 26(20.31) 联合3种 51(79.69) 13(20.31) 联合4种 26(81.25) 6(18.75) 联合5种 5(83.33) 1(16.67) 年龄(岁) 45.00(30.00,56.00) 48.00(27.00,57.00) 0.125 0.724 BMI(kg/m2) 20.31(18.73,22.66) 20.42(18.71,22.57) 0.066 0.797 出现肝损时间(d) 30.00(13.00,30.00) 30.00(10.00,60.00) 0.280 0.598 PT(s) 13.74(12.96,14.80) 14.01(12.63,14.98) 0.316 0.574 PT% 0.84(0.78,0.89) 0.83(0.77,0.91) 0.306 0.580 INR 1.14(1.08,1.23) 1.17(1.05,1.25) 0.280 0.595 APTT(s) 30.72(27.26,35.36) 31.40(27.44,35.18) 0.001 0.982 TT(s) 15.68(14.84,16.81) 16.54(15.18,17.80) 10.066 0.002** FIB(g/L) 2.68(2.24,3.56) 2.52(2.07,3.32) 1.779 0.182 TP(g/L) 63.00(59.20,66.80) 62.10(58.10,69.50) 0.075 0.784 ALB(g/L) 35.80(32.10,38.60) 34.40(30.80,38.25) 2.269 0.132 GLOB(g/L) 26.80(24.40,31.10) 28.90(23.80,32.20) 1.268 0.260 TBIL(μmol/L) 9.20(7.10,14.20) 17.50(7.80,49.80) 13.218 < 0.001 ** DBIL(μmol/L) 3.60(2.50,6.10) 6.70(2.80,26.10) 12.550 < 0.001 ** IBIL(μmol/L) 5.70(4.10,7.60) 7.00(4.90,15.80) 10.052 0.002** ALT(U/L) 159.60(150.00,260.00) 150.00(150.00,247.00) 0.054 0.816 AST(U/L) 119.00(72.00,190.50) 128.00(73.50,274.00) 0.873 0.350 ALP(U/L) 74.00(60.50,97.50) 101.00(71.00,162.50) 15.969 < 0.001 ** GGT(U/L) 67.30(48.25,114.55) 89.50(50.75,161.10) 4.178 0.041* *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01。 表 6 预后的Logistic回归分析变量赋值
Table 6. Prognostic variable assignment by Logistic regression analysis
因素 规定值 分组 0=好转,1=未愈 饮酒史 0=否,1=是 严重程度 0=1级,1=2级,2=3级及以上 临床分型 0=肝细胞损伤型,1=胆汁淤积型,
2=混合型,3=肝脏生物化学异常表 7 预后的Logistic回归分析
Table 7. Logistic regression analysis of prognosis
项目 β S.E Wald OR 95%CI P 饮酒史 0.691 0.496 1.942 1.996 0.755~5.278 0.163 严重程度 1.026 0.506 4.109 2.789 1.035~7.518 0.043* 临床分型 0.123 0.123 1.010 1.131 0.889~1.438 0.315 TT(s) 0.084 0.093 0.802 1.087 0.905~1.305 0.370 TBIL(umol/L) −0.007 0.024 0.077 0.993 0.948~1.041 0.781 DBIL(umol/L) 0.018 0.032 0.316 1.018 0.956~1.085 0.574 IBIL(umol/L) −0.007 0.018 0.181 0.993 0.959~1.027 0.671 ALP(U/L) 0.010 0.004 8.611 1.010 1.003~1.018 0.003** GGT(U/L) −0.003 0.002 1.328 0.998 0.993~1.002 0.249 常量 −5.997 1.734 11.964 0.002 0.001 *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01。 -
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