Research Progress on the Molecular Pathogenesis of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis
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摘要: 颞下颌关节骨关节炎(temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis,TMJOA)是发生于颞颌关节结构的1种慢性退行性病变,但TMJOA的发病机制仍未完全阐明。随着研究方法的进步,TMJOA的研究开始深入到基因层面,对近年来颞下颌关节骨关节炎发病机制的分子生物研究的进展进行综述。Abstract: Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is a chronic degenerative condition affecting the structures of the temporomandibular joint. Despite ongoing research efforts, the pathogenesis of TMJOA is not yet fully understood. Recent advancements in research techniques have allowed for a deeper exploration of the genetic factors underlying TMJOA. This article will provide an overview of the most recent developments in molecular biology research related to the pathogenesis of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis.
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Key words:
- Temporomandibular joint /
- Osteoarthritis /
- Pathogenesis
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颞下颌关节骨关节炎(temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis,TMJOA)通常由颞下颌关节盘移位、关节创伤、功能性超负荷和发育异常等引起,表现为关节区的疼痛、僵硬、活动受限等,严重影响患者的生活质量[1−2]。经全球疾病评估表明,TMJOA患者中男性约9.6%,女性18%因其临床症状而影响日常生活[3]。数十年来,大量学者对骨关节炎的病因、发病过程、治疗方法进行了研究。随着研究方法的进步,学者对TMJOA的研究深入到基因层面,基于分子生物的致病机制更多地被提出。本文将对近年来基于分子层面颞下颌关节骨关节炎发病机制研究的进展进行综述。
1. 与炎症相关的生物分子
TMJOA常可伴发滑膜炎或关节囊炎,当颞下颌关节滑膜受损时,从颞颌关节滑膜细胞产生许多炎性细胞因子,分泌到颞下颌关节滑膜液中[4]。Sanchez-Lopez等[5−6]研究发现TMJOA患者颞下颌关节区大量巨噬细胞等炎性细胞浸润。巨噬细胞作为滑膜组织的重要组成细胞,能通过分泌各种促炎细胞因子,产生细胞氧化应激,导致活性氧的释放,从而加速炎症反应[7]。学者们通过探索关节区产生炎性细胞浸润的原因,发现TMJOA中炎症细胞因子或趋化因子的产生和分泌能够刺激促炎细胞因子产生,如白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)或肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)[8−9]。因此,学者们对于TMJOA炎症相关发病机制的研究重心逐渐转移至各类相关促炎因子及其调节通路上。Scanzello等[10]提出了细胞因子向慢性炎症转变之间关系的可能性,研究结果表明在小鼠疾病模型中,单核细胞趋化蛋白-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1,MCP-1)是单核细胞/巨噬细胞向炎症部位迁移的主要趋化因子之一,并且MCP-1可能是导致TMJOA滑膜炎症发生发展的主要因素。Pan等[11]通过对建立TMJOA小鼠模型进行基因测序发现circ-slain2在TMJOA髁突软骨细胞中水平异常降低,通过升高小鼠circ-slain2水平,发现circ-slain2产生抗代谢和抗炎作用。Liu等[12]通过构建的TMJOA小鼠模型,发现toll样受体4(toll-like receptors4,TLR4)与TMJOA病理过程密切相关。而TLR4作为先天免疫反应期间产生的炎症介质,似乎也暗示了先天免疫受体激活引发的炎症反应对TMJOA的发生发展密切相关。
除此之外,TMJOA中存在未知分子机制参与的可能性。近年来,“炎性体”活化的概念提出并应用于感染、心血管疾病等多种疾病的致病机制研究中[13],其中以IL-1β和IL-18的分泌作为1种新的炎症诱导机制,引起了学者的广泛关注。当细胞感知到特定刺激时,从IL-1β和IL-18的前体到成熟形式的IL-1β和IL-18进入细胞质的活性胱天蛋白酶-1(caspase-1)过程。许多研究报道了IL-1β在TMJOA中可能是最有效的促炎细胞因子[14],且由于TMJOA也存在类似于动脉粥样硬化和阿尔茨海默病的无菌炎症,因此,有学者提出“炎症体” 可能与TMJOA炎症的发生密切相关[14]。
2. 软骨破坏相关的生物分子
TMJOA其主要病理表现为软骨细胞死亡、细胞外基质降解和软骨下的骨重塑[15]。关节软骨主要由透明软骨组成的1层有一定韧度的组织,其中的软骨细胞被细胞外基质包饶,细胞外基质主要含有Ⅱ型胶原蛋白,蛋白聚糖以及一些非胶原蛋白,这些蛋白在空间和结构上有序排列,使关节软骨获得最佳的拉伸长度和抗压缩能力。目前研究表明,TMJOA的发病机制与软骨破坏密切相关[16]。TMJOA软骨破坏早期可能是由代谢或机械原因引起的颞下颌关节应力发生改变,进而引起该区域的免疫应答。免疫细胞通过释放细胞因子和趋化因子以及其他炎症介质来启动炎症反应的发生[17]。这个过程是伴随着补体系统的激活和软骨降解分子的产生,可产生基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)和前列腺素E(prostaglandin E,PGE),破坏软骨细胞等因子[18]。而MMPs还可和溶栓蛋白产生的血栓蛋白,同期启动TMJOA中的细胞外基质分解[19],而细胞外基质作为软骨对弹性和剪切压力的保护结构,其损伤将对软骨稳态对维持不利[20]。此外,一些与MMPs相关细胞通路亦被证明与TMJOA相关。如通过骨形态发生蛋白通路异常,II型胶原蛋白的降解促进了软骨细胞的肥大,加速TMJOA的进程[21]。
此外,钙相关受体、肿瘤坏死因子和成纤维细胞生长因子受体1(fibroblast growth factor receptor ,FGFR1)均与软骨细胞凋亡密切相关。髁突机械应力改变可导致软骨细胞中的钙浓度改变,高浓度的细胞内钙可以激活诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide Synthase,iNOS)[22]。通过释放iNOS产生的细胞色素C和caspase-9,一氧化氮限制了线粒体呼吸并导致软骨细胞死亡[23]。TNF和受体相互作用蛋白1和3介导的(receptor interacting protein1/3,RIP1/RIP3)介导软骨细胞坏死性凋亡加剧了软骨的分解[24]。近年来,NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)炎症小体被提出与TMJOA致病机理密切相关,它通过介导髁突软骨细胞凋亡和滑膜组织中巨噬细胞氧化应激[25−26]。
3. 异常信号通路
单纯的炎症及软骨破坏不能对TMJOA发生机制做出完整解释,目前越来越多的研究开始关注TMJOA中相关信号通路的异常改变[27]。
3.1 Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路
近年来大量基于体外动物实验的研究表明Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路参与了骨关节炎的发生发展[28−29]。Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路曾被证明与胚胎发育过程中干细胞自我更新、细胞增殖和分化以及成人组织稳态方面密切相关。Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路激活后,小鼠颞颌关节出现关节间隙狭窄和骨退行样变等异常变化[28]。同时,这些小鼠的髁突软骨中发现了较低的细胞增殖和更高的细胞死亡[30]。可见,Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路在TMJOA发生发展中起着至关重要的作用,此信号通路在可能是TMJOA潜在的治疗靶点。
3.2 TGF-β和BMP信号通路
转化生长因子β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)/骨形态发生蛋白(bone morphogenetic protein,BMP)信号在成骨方面得到了广泛的研究。Li等[31]的研究中提出软骨细胞中TGF-β/Smad3和1-磷酸鞘氨醇(sphingosine-1/3-phosphate,S1P/S1P3)和Smad3/S1P3信号之间的相互作用可能在TMJ OA疾病进展中发挥作用。此外,过表达TGF-β1会导致软骨下骨重塑异常,致使小鼠髁突软骨破坏[28]。大量的体外动物实验表明,TGF-β和BMP信号通路异常对髁突软骨可造成直接的破坏[32],而髁突软骨破坏作为TMJOA的主要病理表现,提示TGF-β和BMP信号传导可作为以保护髁突软骨为出发点的治疗新思路,预防TMJOA的发生。
3.3 FGF信号通路
成纤维细胞生长因子(fibroblast growth factor,FGF)信号系统控制关节软骨及骨骼的发育。FGF信号通路通过控制关键下游信号分子MEK/ERK与TMJOA的发展有关[28]。Wang等[33]发现小鼠TMJOA模型中FGF信号传导可能会增加,增强表达的FGF信号通路缓解了TMJOA的发展。FGRF1在软骨组织发育中有至关重要,大量动物实验表明,TMJOA小鼠中FGF信号传导异常兴奋,致使FGRF1缺失,并通过病理检查发现小鼠髁突出现骨关节样改变[33]。提示FGRF1作为软骨组织发育过程中的重要分子,日后可作为预防髁突发育改建期TMJOA发生的重要检测指标及治疗靶点。
3.4 Notch信号通路
Notch信号通路控制着细胞分化与死亡,在关节软骨维持中起着双重功能[34−35]。Notch信号在髁突软骨血管生成中至关重要,与髁突发育密切相关[36]。Ashraf等[37]的研究表明,Notch信号过度表达可能会导致 TMJOA。提示通过抑制Notch信号表达,可达到控制TMJOA疾病发展的目的。然而,目前较少关于在TMJOA患者中如何实现抑制Notch信号表达的研究,在日后仍需进一步研究。
此外,有研究提出Hedgehog信号通路可能通过刺激软骨细胞肥大化加剧TMJOA[38−39]。与免疫系统、炎症过程、应激反应、细胞增殖和细胞死亡相关的NF-κB信号通路被认为与TMJOA发生存在相关性[40−41]。这些相关信号通路的提出与研究,进一步加深了笔者对TMJOA发病机制的认识,为日后从分子生物层面防控TMJOA疾病提供了新的思路。
4. 小结
TMJOA是1种多致病因素、发病机制复杂的慢性炎症性疾病,软骨和骨的退行性改变通过复杂机制调控。近年来随着研究水平的提高,分子生物层面的致病机制被广泛研究。基于软骨细胞凋亡及改建下的分子生物研究,结合其相关炎症机理,能更好地理解TMJ骨关节炎的病理机制。更重要的是,异常信号分子可能作为潜在的治疗靶点,帮助医者找到TMJOA的有效疾病策略。由于疼痛常作为TMJOA患者就诊的主诉,目前基于炎症因素下生物分子的研究,对于炎症因子间的转化及与疼痛症状的相关性研究仍缺乏相关证据,还需要进行进一步的深入研究。此外,近年来有学者提出TMJOA与遗传的相关性[42],然而目前缺乏充足的证据。因此,随着基因测序、单细胞测序、3D打印等新技术的应用,未来随着基于分子生物层面的TMJOA致病机制进一步深入研究,将对TMJOA的诊疗有着至关重要的指导意义。
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