Effect of Hsp90 Inhibitor Ganetespib Combined with Pemetrexed on Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells
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摘要:
目的 探索Ganetespib和培美曲塞体外对人肺腺癌细胞增殖、凋亡和相关信号通路的影响。 方法 人肺腺癌细胞HCC827、H1975、A549分组(Ganetespib组、培美曲塞组、2药联用组),同时设置对照组(DMSO 0.2%),培养48 h后,Cell Titer-Glo(CTG)法体外检测抑制细胞增殖能力,Western blot检测细胞中Akt、p-Akt、Bcl-2蛋白表达水平,细胞凋亡实验检测细胞凋亡率,RNA-seq检测2药物对于HCC827细胞转录组水平的影响。 结果 抑制细胞增殖效果Ganetespib>培美曲塞(P < 0.001),2药联用时抑制效果较单药增强(P < 0.0001);细胞凋亡率Ganetespib>培美曲塞(P < 0.05),2药联用时HCC827细胞凋亡率较单药升高;Ganetespib组Akt蛋白磷酸化水平降低(P < 0.05),培美曲塞组Akt蛋白磷酸化水平升高(P < 0.05),2药联用组结果与Ganetespib组无明显差别,Bcl-2蛋白仅在A549细胞中下调(P < 0.01);2药物对HCC827细胞株的基因转录水平有影响,Ganetespib组上调的差异表达基因为102个,下调有27个,培美曲塞组的上调差异表达基因为53个,下调有8个。 结论 Ganetespib联用培美曲塞可明显抑制肺腺癌细胞HCC827、H1975和A549的增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,其分子机制可能是通过PI3K/AKT信号通路的蛋白质磷酸化来抑制肺腺癌细胞增殖。联合用药可一定程度增强抑制肺腺癌细胞增殖作用,具体机制需进一步研究。 -
关键词:
- 肺腺癌 /
- Ganetespib /
- 培美曲塞
Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects of Ganetespib and Pemetrexed on the proliferation, apoptosis and related signaling pathways of human lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. Methods Human lung adenocarcinoma cells HCC827, H1975, and A549 were divided into groups (Ganetespib group, pemetrexed group, combined treatment group), and a control group (DMSO 0.2%) was set up. After culturing for 48 hours, the Cell Titer-Glo (CTG) method was used to detect the inhibitory effects of cell proliferation in vitro, and Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of Akt, p-Akt, and Bcl-2 proteins in cells. The apoptosis experiment was used to detect the apoptosis rate, and RNA-seq was used to detect the effects of the two drugs on the transcription level of the HCC827 cell line. Results The inhibitory effects of cell proliferation were as follows: Ganetespib > pemetrexed (P < 0.001), and the inhibitory effect was enhanced when the two drugs were combined (P < 0.0001); the apoptosis rate was as follows: Ganetespib > pemetrexed (P < 0.05), and the apoptosis rate of HCC827 cells increased when the two drugs were combined; the phosphorylation level of Akt protein was lower in the Ganetespib group (P < 0.05), and the phosphorylation level of Akt protein was higher in the pemetrexed group (P < 0.05), and the results of the combined treatment group were similar to those of the Ganetespib group, and Bcl-2 protein was only downregulated in A549 cells (P < 0.01); the two drugs had an effect on the gene transcription level of the HCC827 cell line, with 102 upregulated differentially expressed genes and 27 downregulated genes in the Ganetespib group, 53 upregulated differentially expressed genes and 8 downregulated genes in the pemetrexed group. Conclusion The combination of Ganetespib and pemetrexed can significantly inhibit the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells HCC827, H1975, and A549, induce cell apoptosis. The molecular mechanism may be through the inhibition of lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation by protein phosphorylation in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The transcriptome of HCC827 cells was affected by the combination therapy. The combined treatment can enhance the inhibition of lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation to some extent, and the specific mechanism needs further research. -
Key words:
- Lung adenocarcinoma /
- Ganetespib /
- Pemetrexed
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中耳炎是临床常见、多发病,咽鼓管结构异常和功能障碍是中耳炎发病机制中最常见的因素[1-2]。临床咽鼓管功能检测虽多,但目前评估困难,仍没有一种客观有效的方法精确判断咽鼓管功能,为寻求一种客观、有效并且具有动态直观效果的检查方法[3]。2019年4月至2020年5月昆明医科大学第一附属医院耳鼻咽喉科对慢性化脓性中耳炎、中耳胆脂瘤及外伤性鼓膜穿孔的40例患者采用咽鼓管SPECT-CT核素显像检查观察咽鼓管阻塞的部位、程度,籍以探讨SPECT-CT核素显像对中耳炎咽鼓管功能的临床诊断价值。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料
选取2019年4月至2020年5月昆明医科大学第一附属医院耳鼻咽喉科慢性化脓性中耳炎、中耳胆脂瘤及外伤性鼓膜穿孔患者的临床资料40例,分为3组。所有患者均在治疗前接受纯音听阈、声导抗、颞骨薄层CT、耳内镜及Valsalva检查。排除存在鼻咽部良恶性肿瘤、腺样体肥大或颌面部有畸形患者。所有患者均自愿接受咽鼓管SPECT-CT核素显像,并签署书面检查知情同意书。结合术中所见及术后病理分为:A组为慢性化脓性中耳炎患者,B组为中耳胆脂瘤患者,C组为外伤性鼓膜穿孔患者,3组基线临床资料类似,具有可比性。A组14例,其中男6例,女8例,左耳5例,右耳9例,年龄21~60岁,平均(44.7±11.7)岁。B组21例,其中男11例,女10例,左耳9例,右耳12例,年龄29~67岁,平均(47.3±10.9)岁。C组5例,其中男3例,女2例,左耳3例,右耳2例,年龄24 ~47岁,平均(35.8±9.2)岁。病史6月~30 a不等。所有患者均自愿接受检查,并签署知情同意书,已行伦理审核。
1.2 检查方法
咽鼓管SPECT-CT核素显像(观察组):检查前告知患者行咽鼓管SPECT-CT核素显像检查的方法及注意事项。采用德国西门子双探头SPECT/CT Symbia T2及计算机处理系统。显像剂为高锝酸钠酸钠注射液(99 mTc)为37MBQ,能量141 kev,体积0.2~0.3 mL。显像的原理为示踪剂流经循环通路的原理,耳道无明显蠕动功能,因此显像剂依靠重力流动。动态显像时患者选择侧卧位,患耳向上,颈部向健侧倾斜30°,下颌内收,显像剂为高锝酸钠注射液(99 mTc),于患耳处外耳道口滴入,患者同时嚼口香糖,滴入后即刻显像,观察显像剂排空的时间和滞留的部位。采集参数为1 min一帧,采集30 min,探头选择双竖立位。断层融合显像时体位为仰卧位,外耳道口滴入显像剂(99 mTc)30 min后显像。采集参数为SPECT部分40 s一帧,每一帧图探头旋转11.25°;CT部分管电压130 KV,管电流为固定毫安秒,扫描层厚3 mm,重建层厚5 mm。
Valsalva检查(对照组):将听诊管两端的橄榄头分别置于患者和检查者外耳道口,当患者作捏鼻鼓气动作时,检查者可听到轻柔的“嘘嘘”声。耳内镜下可观察到鼓膜随捏鼻鼓气动作而运动。
1.3 统计学处理
统计学处理应用 SPSS19.0 统计学分析软件。计量资料服从正态分布用均数±标准差(
$\bar x \pm s $ )表示,计数资料以百分率(%) 表示,组间比较采用χ2 检验, P < 0.05 为差异有统计学意义。2. 结果
2.1 咽鼓管SPECT-CT核素显像检查结果
咽鼓管通畅显像:患者经外耳道给药后,同时做连续吞咽动作(嚼口香糖)后,显像剂高锝酸钠注射液(99 mTc)迅速沿着正常解剖途径,经患者的外耳道,进入中耳的鼓室,流入咽鼓管鼓口、峡部进入咽口,最终到达鼻咽部,咽鼓管的走行区可见放射性浓聚,即核素动态显像为蝌蚪状的显像,核素断层融合显像为哑铃状显像(图1-图2)。咽鼓管阻塞显像:只出现中耳部位的放射性团状显影,经多次吞咽后仍然不出现咽鼓管走行区全程影像(图3-图4)。
2.2 咽鼓管SPECT-CT核素显像研究比较结果
表1为慢性化脓性中耳炎鼓膜穿孔的患者(A组)、中耳胆脂瘤鼓膜穿孔的患者(B组)与外伤性鼓膜穿孔的患者(C组)行咽鼓管SPECT-CT核素显像咽鼓管阻塞的比较结果。采用χ2检验,χ2 = 7.924,P = 0.019,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),表明发病不同,阻塞程度不同。
表 1 3组行咽鼓管SPECT-CT核素显像检查咽鼓管阻塞的比较[n(%)]Table 1. Comparison of eustachian tube obstruction with SPECT-CT radionuclide imaging in groups A, B and C [n (%)]组别 阻塞 通畅 合计(n) 阻塞率(%) A组 11(78.6) 3(21.4) 14 78.6* B组 17(80.9) 4(19.1) 21 80.9* C组 1(20.0) 4(80.0) 5 20.0 与C组比较,*P < 0.05。 A组、B组与C组行咽鼓管SPECT-CT核素显像(观察组)与Valsalva检查(对照组)的比较结果。采用χ2检验,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表2。
表 2 观察组与对照组咽鼓管阻塞率的比较[n(%)]Table 2. Comparison of eustachian tube obstruction between observation group and control group [n(%)]组别 A组(n = 14) B组(n = 21) C组(n = 5) 观察组 11(78.6) 17(80.9) 1(20.0) 对照组 5(35.7) 10(47.6) 3(60.0) χ2 5.250 5.081 0.417 P 0.022* 0.024* 0.519 *P < 0.05。 2.3 术后换药及随访
术后抗生素治疗,术后3~5 d出院,2周后换药,检查术腔恢复情况及鼓膜生长情况,每周换药直至术腔干耳及上皮化。同时通过随访及复查,所有患者行咽鼓管SPECT-CT核素显像均未发生任何不良反应及并发症。
3. 讨论
咽鼓管结构和功能异常在中耳炎的发生、发展、预后起重要作用。对临床中鼓室成形术、鼓室置管术、腺样体切除术等有指导作用[4-6]。临床上检查方法较多,然而由于咽鼓管结构深在,且结构变异大,静态与动态差异大,因此,寻找一种客观有效、直观简便的检查方法很有必要[7]。
SPECT-CT核素显像是将放射性同位素标记药物注射到人体内,利用同位素在不同细胞及组织中的摄取、分布与代谢速率不同,得到血流、生化、生理及代谢功能变化的图像,是一种“功能性”影像:CT则是利用X射线穿透人体后射线不同程度衰减,信息数据经过计算机处理,得到精细的解剖结构及组织密度差异的影像,是一种“结构性”影像。SPECT-CT核素显像最大的优势是在一次检查中同时完成核医学SPECT显像检查和放射学CT检查,将两种影像进行图像融合,使功能显像和结构显像优势互补,“强强联合”,拓宽了诊断内容,为临床医生提供更加全面、准确早期诊断疾病的依据[8]。
咽鼓管SPECT-CT核素显像国内报道很少[9-11],本研究采用:患者侧卧位,于鼓膜穿孔的患耳滴入高锝酸钠显像剂(99 mTc),患者做连续吞咽动作(嚼口香糖)后,在咽鼓管通畅的情况下,核素注入鼓室后,呈潮涌式运动顺利通过,直达咽口后逐渐逸尽,即可在短时间内咽鼓管走行区显示放射性浓聚;而咽鼓管阻塞者,因解剖结构、纤毛的运动、压力等因素,核素通过的连续性较差,核素聚集于中耳不能排出,咽鼓管咽口不出现核素,只能获得鼓室团状显像。本组资料显示,与传统的碘-131显影剂相比,高锝酸钠酸钠注射液(99 mTc)属短半衰期核素,物理半衰期仅为6 h,且为生理盐水溶剂,无碘油的黏稠性,排除较快,给药后24 h即可衰变逸尽后只剩生理盐水,因而较碘-131显影剂接受辐射量小。对咽鼓管局部无任何刺激和影响,可用于全身各种器官的核医学检查。与Valsalva 检查相比,其原理:因患者捏鼻鼓气的动作首先会引起鼻咽部的气压发生快速的变化,随之中耳的气体压力通过咽鼓管的不断调节发生相应改变。Valsalva 检查广泛应用于临床,操作简单方便,可间接反映咽鼓管的开放程度,为主观检查,相关的参考资料表明大多数患者未正确完成Valsalva动作,闭嘴、捏鼻、鼓气不标准,从而导致准确性和敏感性也不高,然而它对于咽鼓管功能检查仍是必要而基础的检查。与CT、MRI等影像学方法比较,高分辨率CT能够清晰显示骨性咽鼓管结构。MRI软组织对比分辨率高,能显示咽鼓管的解剖学标志和周围的异常病变。影像学检查直观、痛苦少,可为临床确诊病变位置,但无法判定咽鼓管功能。与声导抗检查比较,声导抗检测快速、操作简单、无创,为实用性强的检测中耳压力的检查,能客观的反映咽鼓管是否通畅。但患者鼓膜穿孔,无法行声导抗检查。咽鼓管SPECT-CT核素显像不但能够显示咽鼓管的结构,还能获得连续的动态影像学资料,动态观察咽鼓管阻塞的程度,有助于咽鼓管阻塞部位的判断,为临床工作提供直观的影像图片[12-15]。
本研究中,行咽鼓管SPECT-CT核素显像检查中,慢性化脓性中耳炎鼓膜穿孔的患者(A组)咽鼓管阻塞率为78.6%,中耳胆脂瘤鼓膜穿孔的患者(B组)咽鼓管阻塞率为80.9%,外伤性鼓膜穿孔的患者(C组)咽鼓管阻塞率为20%。采用χ2检验,P < 0.05 ,差异有统计学意义。研究结果说明咽鼓管的阻塞是慢性化脓性中耳炎、中耳胆脂瘤的病因、诊断、治疗中的一个重要的因素,也是外伤性鼓膜穿孔不易自行愈合的一个原因。咽鼓管功能可影响中耳功能,致中耳炎形成,对中耳炎的转归有较大影响。同样咽鼓管功能是鼓室成形术、乳突根治术、听骨链成形术、鼓膜置管术等中耳手术成功的基础。为临床选择更为适合的手术方案,预测术后效果,提供有价值的参考资料。而咽鼓管阻塞多年前就公认为在中耳炎发病机制中是最常见的因素之一,Mandeie等[16]指出咽鼓管功能状态可预测中耳炎的发病概率;袁媛等[17]报道咽鼓管功能障碍是中耳炎的病因及发病机制之一;Danner[18]的研究表明中耳炎的鼓膜情况反映了中耳腔内的负压状态,认为与乳突气房的压力缓冲、中耳黏膜的气体弥散、及经咽鼓管的气体交换有关,其中咽鼓管功能障碍是导致中耳炎发生发展的主要原因。均与笔者的研究结果相符。通过随访及复查,所有患者均未发生任何不良反应及并发症。另外该检查必须具备核医学条件及核医学影像设备方可进行,有一定的局限性。目前,尚无一种方法能全面而准确地反映咽鼓管的功能状况。但做为一种影像学检查方法,有其独特的优越性,可做为一种较可靠的咽鼓管检查方法。我科将进一步加大样本量的比较,增加研究深度,并对咽鼓管SPECT-CT核素显像的影像学特点进一步探讨。
因此早期观察咽鼓管阻塞的程度,及时发现咽鼓管病变对掌握中耳炎的发生、发展是非常必要的[19-21],咽鼓管SPECT-CT核素显像成像清晰,简单易行,大大减少了操作难度或主观因素的干扰,是一项可以在进行中耳乳突影像学检查的同时,还能完成连续的动态核素显像检查的方法,且直观、痛苦少,可为临床确诊病变位置、选择治疗方法提供有价值的参考资料。
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图 2 Western blot检测细胞中Akt、p-Akt和Bcl-2的表达情况
A:HCC827蛋白表达;B:H1975蛋白表达;C:A549蛋白表达;D:HCC827磷酸化Akt统计学分析;E:H1975磷酸化Akt统计学分析;F:A549磷酸化Akt统计学分析;G:HCC827 Bcl-2统计学分析;H:H1975 Bcl-2统计学分析;I:A549 Bcl-2统计学分析。*P < 0.05,**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 ,****P < 0.0001。
Figure 2. The expression levels of Akt,p-Akt and Bcl-2 in the cells were detected by Western blot
表 1 参考基因比对结果及基因表达个数
Table 1. Reference gene comparison results and gene expression numbers
样品名 测序序列 基因占比(%) 总基因数(个) 已知基因数(个) 新基因数(个) HCC827-1 60599120 60.12 15432 15432 0 HCC827-2 84059840 63.87 15899 15899 0 HCC827-3 64289534 58.25 16287 16287 0 HCC827-4 65960004 62.49 15423 15423 0 HCC827-5 66589904 62.06 15786 15786 0 HCC827-6 62855002 59.33 16303 16303 0 HCC827-7 61549178 61.29 15467 15467 0 HCC827-8 60140870 60.83 15614 15614 0 HCC827-9 66496334 56.70 16318 16318 0 表 2 KEGG PATHWAY数据库信息分类
Table 2. Information classification of KEGG pathway database
Metabolism 新陈代谢 12个子类 Genetic Information processing 遗传信息加工 4个子类 Environmental Information processing 环境信息加工 3个子类 Cellular processes 细胞过程 5个子类 Organismal Systems 生物体系统 10个子类 Human diseases 人类疾病 12个子类 Drug development 药物开发 11个子类 -
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