Pruritus in Keloid:Pathogenesis and Treatments
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摘要: 瘢痕疙瘩是在皮肤创面愈合过程中,成纤维细胞异常增殖、细胞外基质过度沉积而形成的皮肤良性病变,86%瘢痕疙瘩患者会伴有瘙痒感。然而,瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒症状在临床治疗中却容易被忽视。就瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒症状的发病机制及其治疗进行综述,以期为瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒的控制提供有效的方案。Abstract: Keloids are benign skin lesions that form during the wound healing process due to abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts and excessive extracellular matrix deposition. It is reported that 86% of keloid patients experience pruritus; however, the symptom of pruritus associated with keloids is often overlooked in clinical treatment. Review the pathogenesis and treatment of pruritusin keloids, with the goal of providing effective strategies for its management.
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Key words:
- Keloid /
- Pruritus /
- Inflammation /
- Treatments
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皮肤在保护人体免受外界伤害的过程中,不可避免地会发生创伤,创面愈合是表皮和真皮遭到破坏后启动的复杂又精密的反应,旨在恢复皮肤的完整和功能。通常,创面愈合分为3个阶段:炎症期、增生期、重塑(成熟)期,由于胶原的同时合成和降解,伤口发红减轻,结节变软、变平,生成的瘢痕无临床症状[1]。然而,在皮肤创面愈合过程中,当成纤维细胞异常增殖、细胞外基质(Extracellular matrix,ECM)成分过度沉积,则会形成瘢痕疙瘩(Keloid)。瘢痕疙瘩的临床表现为:皮损呈持续性生长,超过原始皮肤损伤范围,表面光滑、触诊坚实,高起皮肤表面,可呈结节状、条索状或片状肿块,好发于伤口张力大的部位,如胸骨区、肩部、上臂外侧,亦可在张力小的耳垂部位发生。此外,瘢痕疙瘩还可在胸部中间区域自发形成。
瘢痕疙瘩不但影响美观,还会伴有不同程度的疼痛及瘙痒症状。瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒通常发生在瘢痕疙瘩的边缘,延及周围正常皮肤,触摸、搓洗皮肤等机械刺激可诱发瘙痒。1项调查研究指出,71%瘢痕疙瘩患者会经历中度瘢痕疙瘩相关瘙痒,严重影响其生活质量[2]。1项针对120名非洲瘢痕疙瘩患者的研究发现,95%受试者合并瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒,对生活质量产生了极大的负面影响[3]。然而,医生通常将治疗注意力集中在瘢痕外观的改善上,瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒症状却容易被忽视。本文将就瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒症状的发病机制及其治疗进行综述,以期为瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒的控制提供有效的方案。
1. 瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒的发病机制
1.1 炎症反应的增强
炎症反应在瘢痕疙瘩的形成中,起着至关重要的作用。瘢痕疙瘩组织中可见大量巨噬细胞、T细胞和肥大细胞[4]。皮肤损伤后,巨噬细胞会立即分泌转化生长因子β(Transforming growth factor β,TGF-β),TGF-β的显著升高可刺激成纤维细胞增殖并产生骨膜蛋白[5]。骨膜蛋白是1种瘙痒原,可通过神经纤维中的整合素受体直接激活瘙痒,并通过辅助T细胞2(T helper cell type 2,Th2)细胞因子级联反应诱导瘙痒[6]。瘢痕疙瘩组织中巨噬细胞M2极化显著增加,M2巨噬细胞是伤口再上皮化和重塑阶段的重要参与者,可加速胶原蛋白沉积[7],促进Th2细胞免疫反应[8]。瘢痕疙瘩RNA转录组测序研究发现,瘢痕疙瘩中Th2细胞、IL-4 受体α阳性细胞、肥大细胞等与Th2微环境相关的细胞浸润明显增加[9]。Th2细胞可分泌细胞因子IL-4和IL-13,IL-4和IL-13可直接刺激神经纤维,并通过IL-4受体诱发瘙痒[10]。另外,IL-4和IL-13还可通过骨膜蛋白引起TGF-β信号转导增强。TGF-β可诱导真皮树突状细胞产生 Th2相关细胞因子IL-31的高表达,IL-31升高与瘙痒强度呈正相关[11]。
在瘙痒性瘢痕疙瘩组织中,肥大细胞数量增多,脱颗粒分泌组胺、肝素、血清素、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和丝氨酸蛋白酶,这些物质可引起瘢痕疙瘩的瘙痒。另外,肥大细胞可生成神经生长因子 (Nerve growth factor ,NGF), 神经生长因子可诱导肥大细胞释组胺,导致初级传入神经纤维的瘙痒感受器受到慢性刺激,产生瘙痒感[12]。
1.2 神经纤维病变
瘢痕疙瘩中存在小神经纤维病变,其严重程度在临床上与瘙痒强度相关。由于瘢痕疙瘩中胶原过度沉积造成的机械性压迫,与正常皮肤相比,瘢痕疙瘩中的神经纤维更长、更细[13]。瘢痕疙瘩周围有不受抑制的再生C类神经纤维,会传递瘙痒感[2]。慢性瘙痒引起的传递瘙痒神经纤维发育不全,瘙痒性瘢痕疙瘩的表皮神经密度降低,也支持了瘢痕疙瘩中存在小神经纤维病变这一机制[14]。另外,外周伤害感受的调节也可导致瘢痕疙瘩内的慢性神经源性瘙痒。受伤的周围神经纤维会释放P 物质( Substance P,SP)。SP会导致成纤维细胞存活时间延长、巨噬细胞M2极化和肥大细胞脱颗粒,这些都有助于神经源性炎症的正反馈循环[15]。此外,瘢痕疙瘩内的皮肤神经纤维阿片受体表达增加,β-内啡肽水平显著升高,β-内啡肽可与阿片受体结合,引起瘢痕疙瘩的瘙痒[16]。
另一个可能的机制是瘢痕疙瘩内的皮肤神经纤维对炎症介质的敏感性增高。研究发现,瘢痕疙瘩中的神经纤维密度降低,可导致NGF的表达反应性增高[17]。NGF可诱导肥大细胞释放组胺[18],组胺可促进角质形成细胞进一步产生和分泌NGF[19],从而引起组胺驱动的瘙痒。
2. 瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒的治疗
2.1 糖皮质激素
皮损内注射糖皮质激素是瘢痕疙瘩的一线治疗,目前临床治疗瘢痕疙瘩常用的糖皮质激素药物是曲安奈德和倍他米松[20]。糖皮质激素可通过抑制炎症细胞的迁移和吞噬,打断炎症反应;收缩皮损内血管,导致氧气和营养的供应减少,从而抑制成纤维细胞的有丝分裂,并增强胶原酶活性,达到降解胶原的作用[21]。在慢性瘙痒性疾病(皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤、结节性瘙痒、硬皮病)中,IL-31(“瘙痒细胞因子”)均显著升高,糖皮质激素可通过降低IL-31来发挥其抗瘙痒作用 [22−24]。另一项研究指出,即使是局部使用弱效糖皮质激素,也会降低包括Th2相关细胞因子IL-13及其他许多炎性细胞因子的表达,从而减轻患处瘙痒症状[25] 。
2.2 离子通道阻滞剂
加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林是神经递质γ氨基丁酸(Gamma-aminobutyricacid,GABA)类似物,GABA是一种抑制性神经递质。其作用机制为抑制脊髓中的电压门控钙通道,从而减少脊髓中钙依赖性前痛觉神经递质的释放,达到抗瘙痒作用。已有大量报道,其用于治疗慢性肾病、皮肤淋巴瘤、结节性痒疹等疾病引起的慢性瘙痒[26]。1项针对58名烧伤后瘢痕相关瘙痒患者的研究发现,与安慰剂相比,接受加巴喷丁治疗患者的峰值瘙痒显着下降[27]。
另外有研究报道,外用复方氯胺酮、利多卡因和阿米替林,可通过靶向瞬时受体电位离子通道、钠通道和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体,来治疗瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒[28]。
2.3 硅酮凝胶
硅酮凝胶可以减少增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩的瘙痒和疼痛。1项针对6名瘢痕疙瘩患者的研究表明,使用硅酮凝胶片4周后,病变处瘙痒和疼痛减轻,使用12周后症状完全缓解,瘙痒和疼痛的缓解先于瘢痕的充血和增生症状。该研究发现,使用硅酮凝胶24周后,皮损处肥大细胞的数量显著减少,推测硅酮凝胶可能是通过减少组织中瘙痒介质的释放来缓解瘙痒[29]。
2.4 A型肉毒杆菌毒素
肉毒毒素是1种源自肉毒梭菌的神经毒素蛋白,最早被应用于治疗神经和肌肉疾病,近年来在医疗美容方面也广为使用。1项前瞻性研究纳入了19名增生性瘢痕患者,这些患者每月在病灶内注射肉毒素,治疗3个月后,瘙痒感评分平均从3.50降低到0.83[30]。皮下注射肉毒素,其通过降低瘢痕疙瘩周围肌肉和皮肤的张力,缓解瘢痕疙瘩中小神经纤维病变[31]。肉毒素还可降低抑制结缔组织生长因子的表达来防止瘢痕进一步增殖[32],降低局部P物质和降钙素基因相关肽的水平,减少瘢痕疙瘩中的神经源性炎症介质,缓解瘙痒症状[33]。
2.5 抗肿瘤药物
瘢痕疙瘩显示出许多类似癌症的特征,因此,一些抗肿瘤药物,如5-氟尿嘧啶、博来霉素、丝裂霉素C等药物,也被用于瘢痕疙瘩的治疗。5-氟尿嘧啶是1种抗代谢剂,可靶向细胞周期和DNA的合成和修复,最终导致细胞凋亡。1项前瞻性研究中,在24名瘢痕疙瘩患者的病灶内,每周注射 50~150 mg/mL 5-氟尿嘧啶,70%的患者瘙痒和疼痛明显减轻[34]。博来霉素是1种抗肿瘤抗生素,可诱导自由基形成,对DNA造成氧化损伤,导致DNA链断裂,从而破坏细胞的增殖和分裂。博来霉素可抑制皮肤成纤维细胞的合成,导致胶原蛋白合成减少。1项针对50名增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩患者的研究中,患者皮损内注射博来霉素治疗后,89%的患者瘢痕相关瘙痒完全缓解[35]。
2.6 激光治疗
激光治疗早已被列为瘢痕疙瘩治疗的手段之一,目前使用的激光方式多为剥脱式激光(二氧化碳激光、铒激光)和非剥脱式激光(脉冲染料激光、Nd:YAG激光、半导体激光)。脉冲染料激光是治疗瘢痕疙瘩最常用的激光,认为其可作用于结缔组织生长因子,减轻病理性瘢痕的形成[36]。针对激光治疗对瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒效果的数据有限。1项小型研究报告称,脉冲染料激光联合病灶内注射类糖皮质激素后,瘢痕疙瘩相关瘙痒改善了75%[37]。
2.7 高压氧治疗
高压氧疗法是指通过高压氧舱增压至大于1个大气压绝对值(ATA,0.1 MPa),予患者以面罩或导管吸入纯氧来接受治疗。高压氧疗法被认为可以通过增加局部血液循环和血氧容量来帮助伤口愈合,从而减少炎症反应。在1项研究中,接受高压氧疗法后,88.7%的患者瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒得到有效缓解,与未接受高压氧疗法的患者相比,治疗后的瘢痕疙瘩组织中,瘙痒相关介质的表达显着降低[38]。
2.8 局部外用保湿剂
瘢痕疙瘩角质层的皮肤屏障功能受损,会导致经皮失水增加、皮肤干燥和脱水,激活与瘙痒相关的神经纤维,从而引起瘙痒感。加强局部保湿剂的使用,可以通过保湿和修复皮肤屏障来帮助减少瘢痕疙瘩的瘙痒[39]。然而,保湿霜的配方和成分不同,对皮肤屏障的影响也不同。应选用不但可以提供角质层的水合作用,还可以补充角质层中的皮肤脂质,具有很强封闭作用的霜剂,以尽量减少经表皮的水分流失,保持水分,为皮肤屏障修复提供持久的效果[40]。
2.9 新型治疗
2.9.1 外用磷酸二酯酶4抑制剂
1项临床个案报道,外用2%克立硼罗可改善严重瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒[41]。瘢痕疙瘩外用克立硼罗为超说明书治疗,其有效的机制可能是由于克立硼罗抑制磷酸二酯酶4后,细胞内环磷酸腺苷水平升高,抑制了过度活跃的免疫反应(包括IL-13)[42],这为治疗瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒提供了新的思路。
2.9.2 生物制剂
在1个使用度普利尤单抗治疗特应性皮炎的病案报道中发现,经过7个月的治疗,患者的瘢痕疙瘩较治疗前明显变小(缩小超过50%),同时瘢痕疙瘩相关瘙痒症状显著改善 [43]。另1份报道显示,使用度普利尤单抗治疗特应性皮炎3个月后,瘢痕疙瘩相关瘙痒也有类似的改善[44]。度普利尤单抗是一种IgG4单克隆抗体,通过阻断IL-4受体α而抑制IL-4 和IL-13诱导的炎症反应,推测可能是由于其对Th2细胞因子的抑制改善了瘢痕疙瘩相关瘙痒,然而,还需对其在瘢痕疙瘩相关瘙痒中的作用机制行进一步研究。
3. 小结和展望
尽管临床有大量治疗瘢痕疙瘩的方法,但仍存在疗效不佳、复发率高的问题。瘢痕疙瘩几乎无法完全根治,瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒发病率极高,几乎伴随患者终身,严重影响患者生活质量。然而,关注缓解瘙痒症状的治疗方案却较少被报道。本综述为瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒的机制以及可用于缓解瘙痒的治疗方法,为瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒的治疗提供了更多思路。目前临床用于治疗瘙痒性疾病的磷酸二酯酶4抑制剂及生物制剂有少量报道可缓解瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒,然而其具体机制仍不清楚,对此进行进一步深挖,或能挖掘出瘢痕疙瘩相关性瘙痒新的治疗靶点,为患者临床症状的缓解,生活质量的提高提供新的方案。
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