Application of Bacteriophages in Common Infectious Diseases of the Oral Cavity
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摘要: 噬菌体具有感染和杀死细菌的能力,现已应用于多种口腔疾病中,为口腔疾病的防治提供新思路,并有望成为治疗口腔疾病的新型生物抗菌剂。从噬菌体的概念及应用前景、4种口腔常见感染性疾病及其致病菌、现有治疗方法、噬菌体在该疾病中的应用和展望等6个方面综述噬菌体在口腔医学中的应用,为临床上开展噬菌体疗法奠定理论依据。Abstract: Bacteriophages possess the ability to infect and kill bacteria and have now been applied in various oral diseases, providing new insights for the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. They are expected to become a novel biological antibacterial agent for treating oral diseases. This paper comprehensively discusses the application of bacteriophages in oral medicine from six aspects: the concept and application prospects of bacteriophages, four common infectious diseases of the oral cavity and their pathogenic bacteria, existing treatment methods, and the application and outlook of bacteriophages in these diseases. Lay a theoretical basis for the clinical implementation of phage therapy.
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Key words:
- Bacteriophage /
- Phage therapy /
- Stomatology /
- Infectious diseases
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非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)是起源于肺部的恶性肿瘤 [1],约75%的患者发现时已处于中晚期,5年生存率较低[2−3]。随着精准医学的发展,NSCLC的治疗策略正在向靶向治疗和靶向药物研发的方向转变,EGFR、ALK、ROS1、RET、BRAF V600E、MET和NTRK等重要基因均可作为NSCLC患者的分子靶向治疗靶点和预后预测生物标志物[4−5]。KIAA1199基因在脑、肺、胰腺和睾丸等多个组织中表达,并具备降解透明质酸的功能,该基因的表达水平与多种癌症患者的预后存在相关性[6−7],但KIAA1199基因在晚期NSCLC化疗效果预测中的作用尚不清晰。Linc00673基因是一种长链非编码RNA,在肺癌、乳腺癌等多种癌症中发挥调控作用[8]。研究[9]表明,Linc00673基因通过调控miR-150-5p表达在NSCLC的增殖、迁移、侵袭和上皮-间充质转化中发挥调控作用,也可以通过激活WNT/β-连环蛋白信号通路促进肺腺癌的侵袭性,但Linc00673基因是否可以作为预测晚期NSCLC化疗疗效的生物标志物尚有待研究[10]。因此,本研究通过分析晚期NSCLC患者化疗前后KIAA1199基因和Linc00673基因表达水平的变化,探究KIAA1199基因和Linc00673基因是否可以作为预测NSCLC化疗疗效的生物标志物,以期为临床治疗方案确定和患者预后预测提供理论基础和分子依据。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2019年8月至2021年8月石家庄市第三医院和华北医疗健康集团峰峰总医院收治的58 例Ⅲ-Ⅳ期NSCLC患者,纳入标准[11]:(1)临床诊断为NSCLC,临床分期为Ⅲ-Ⅳ期;(2)符合化疗适应证;(3)体力活动状态(performance status,PS) 评分≤2分;(4)血常规检测正常;(5)肝肾功能检测正常;(6)临床资料齐全、完整。排除标准:(1)感染较为严重的患者;(2)伴有心血管疾病患者;(3)伴有肝肾疾病的患者。患者均知情同意,本研究与赫尔辛基宣言相符,并经石家庄市第三医院医学伦理委员会批准通过(201907025)。
1.2 外周血采集
所有患者均于清晨09:00采集静脉外周血5 mL。采样时间点为化疗前2 d和所有患者均完成化疗两个周期后,采血后血液立刻放入冰盒,送实验室分离细胞并提取RNA。
1.3 疗效评价及分组
将疗效分为:完全缓解 (complete remission,CR),部分缓解( partial remission,PR),病变稳定 ( stable disease,SD),病变进展 ( progressive disease,PD)。患者分组:未进展组为CR患者+PR患者+SD患者,共38例;进展组为PD患者,共20例。
1.4 研究方法
1.4.1 实验设备及试剂
Ficoll分离液购于美国Sigma公司,超高速4 ℃离心机购买于美国Sigma公司;
7500 荧光实时定量qPCR仪购于美国ABI公司。KIAA1199和Linc00673基因引物由金斯瑞引物公司设计并合成。1.4.2 外周血PBMC分离
取5 mL新鲜血液,采用1∶1磷酸盐缓冲液稀释血液。严格按照Ficoll说明书进行血液PBMC分离,
2000 r/min离心20 min。离心后去掉血清及下层红细胞,保留中间的白细胞层。加入磷酸缓冲液清洗两次,每次1500 r/min离心10 min,收集细胞沉淀。1.4.3 qPCR检测组织中KIAA1199基因和Linc00673基因表达
收集通过密度梯度离心法分离的患者血浆白细胞,加入1 mL Trizol提取总mRNA,严格按照反转录试剂盒Universal RT-PCR Kit (M-MLV,free Taq polymerase)进行反转录并通过qPCR仪进行表达水平检测,所有操作在冰上进行并避免RNA酶污染。
7500 Fast系统进行实时荧光定量PCR,反应条件为:95 ℃ 10 min,95 ℃ 15 s,62 ℃ 35 s,72 ℃ 30 s,38个循环,使用GAPDH作为内参,以2-△△Ct计算KIAA1199基因和Linc00673基因相对表达量,引物序列见表1。表 1 qPCR检测中不同基因的引物序列Table 1. The primer sequences of different genes in qPCR detection基因名 引物序列(5'-3') KIAA1199 正向序列:5′-GCCTGTGGCCTATGCAGTCA-3′ 反向序列:5′-TGCTGTGGCCTGTTCCCACTGCTTAC-3' Linc00673 正向序列: 5′-AATATTAAACGGTCCAGTCCTACAA-3′ 反向序列: 5′-TAGGACTGCCCATTACAGAGGA-3′ GAPDH 正向序列: 5′-CGACTTATACATGGCCTTA-3′ 反向序列: 5′-TTCCGATCACTGTTGGAAT-3′ 1.5 统计学分析
应用SPSS25.0 软件进行统计分析,以均数±标准差($ \bar x \pm s $)表示计量资料,两组间符合正态分布并且满足方差齐性数据采用双尾独立样本t-test,以频数(n)、百分比(%)表示计数资料,采用χ2检验。应用ROC表征目标基因单独及联合(并联)对化疗疗效的评估价值。采用Graphpad v9.2软件进行绘图。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1 两组患者的一般资料比较
比较两组患者的一般资料,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表2。
表 2 患者一般资料比较Table 2. Comparison of general data of patients临床病理特征 无进展组
(n = 38)进展组
(n = 20)χ2 P 年龄(岁) 1.277 0.258 < 65 15(39.47) 11(55.00) ≥ 65 23(60.53) 9(45.00) 性别 0.043 0.836 男 32(84.21) 18(90.00) 女 6(15.79) 2(10.00) 吸烟史 0.547 0.460 有 27(71.05) 16(80.00) 无 11(28.95) 4(20.00) TNM分期 3.471 0.062 Ⅲ期 21(55.26) 11(55.00) Ⅳ期 17(44.74) 9(45.00) 病理类型 鳞癌 18(47.37) 10(50.00) 0.036 0.849 腺癌 17(44.74) 9(45.00) 0.000 0.985 其他 3(7.89) 1(5.00) 0.017 0.895 2.2 两组患者化疗疗效比较
经过两个周期化疗治疗,CR患者为0例,PR患者为13例,SD患者为25例,PD患者为20例,因此无进展组患者为38例(65.52%),进展组患者为20例(34.48%),见表3。
表 3 患者化疗疗效分析Table 3. Analysis of the efficacy of chemotherapy in patients临床病理特征 n 百分比(%) CR 0 0 PR 13 22.4 SD 25 43.1 PD 20 34.4 2.3 化疗前后两组患者外周血KIAA1199基因和Linc00673基因相对表达量分析
通过qPCR检测两组患者外周血中KIAA1199基因和Linc00673基因的相对表达量,结果显示,治疗前两组患者KIAA1199基因和Linc00673基因的表达量比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);而治疗后未进展的患者中KIAA1199基因和Linc00673基因表达量显著降低(P < 0.01),见图1。
2.4 ROC曲线分析KIAA1199基因和Linc00673基因作为分子标志物的预测效果
ROC曲线分析显示,外周血细胞KIAA1199基因、Linc00673基因表达和联合检测预测NSCLC化疗疗效的AUC分别为0.829(95%CI:0.726~0.932)、0.758(95%CI:0.637~0.878)和0.880(95%CI:0.793~0.966),联合检测的AUC均显著高于KIAA1199基因和Linc00673基因(Z = 3.054、5.178,P < 0.05),见表4、图2。
表 4 ROC曲线分析KIAA1199基因和Linc00673基因对化疗疗效的预测价值Table 4. ROC curve analysis of the predictive value of KIAA1199 gene and Linc00673 gene for chemotherapy efficacy指标 曲线下面积(95%CI) 敏感度(%) 特异度(%) 截断值 约登指数 KIAA1199基因 0.829(0.726~0.932) 90.0(18/20) 31.6(12/38) > 1.270 0.584 Linc00673基因 0.758(0.637~0.878) 100.0(20/20) 52.6(20/38) > 0.955 0.474 联合检测 0.880(0.793~0.966) 100.0(20/20) 26.3(10/38) − 0.737 3. 讨论
3.1 生物标志物在NSCLC放疗疗效评估中的作用
放疗是NSCLC治疗的重要手段之一,但患者对放疗的反应存在个体差异。生物标志物为临床医生提供了一个强有力的工具,以预测治疗反应、监测疾病进展,从而为患者提供更为个性化的治疗方案,并最终改善患者预后[12]。具体而言,生物标志物可以帮助预测患者对放疗的敏感性,从而在治疗前识别出可能受益最大的患者群体,基于生物标志物的检测结果,可以定制个性化的放疗方案,以提高治疗效果,同时通过监测治疗过程中生物标志物的变化,可以早期判断放疗的疗效,及时调整治疗策略[13]。在众多生物标志物中,KIAA1199基因和Linc00673基因是近年来研究较多的两个与NSCLC治疗反应相关的基因[14]。KIAA1199基因在多种癌症中过表达,且与肿瘤的侵袭性和不良预后相关[15]。Linc00673基因是一种长链非编码RNA,其在NSCLC中的异常表达与肿瘤的生长、侵袭和转移有关[16]。对KIAA1199基因、Linc00673基因的研究为NSCLC的治疗提供了新的视角,这些基因作为潜在的生物标志物,对于预测化疗和放疗的疗效具有重大意义。
3.2 KIAA1199基因和Linc00673基因在NSCLC化疗患者中的表达差异
本研究结果显示,治疗后,未进展的患者中KIAA1199基因、Linc00673基因表达量显著降低,提示KIAA1199基因、Linc00673基因的表达可能与化疗疗效显著相关,并可能是患者化疗疗效的生物标志物。分析其可能的原因:(1)肿瘤细胞增殖和生存的抑制:KIAA1199基因可能与细胞增殖和生存信号通路相关,治疗后表达量降低可能表明这些通路被抑制,导致肿瘤细胞生长受阻;作为长基因间非编码RNA,Linc00673可能通过调节相关编码基因的表达来影响细胞增殖,其表达降低可能减少了促生长信号的传递[17];(2)细胞凋亡的诱导:KIAA1199和Linc00673基因的表达降低可能促进了肿瘤细胞的凋亡,这些基因可能参与调控细胞凋亡相关的信号通路,其下调可能解除对凋亡途径的抑制[18];(3) DNA损伤修复通路的改变:化疗可能通过损伤DNA来杀死癌细胞,KIAA1199和Linc00673基因的表达降低可能影响了DNA损伤修复能力,使得肿瘤细胞在DNA损伤后无法修复而死亡[19];(4)肿瘤微环境的改变:KIAA1199和Linc00673基因表达降低可能改变了肿瘤微环境,例如减少了肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的招募或改变了免疫细胞的活性,从而不利于肿瘤细胞的生存[20];(5)信号传导通路的调节:KIAA1199和Linc00673基因可能参与调节细胞信号传导通路,如PI3K/AKT、MAPK等,其表达降低可能导致这些通路的功能受损,进而抑制肿瘤生长[21];(6)表观遗传学改变:治疗可能引起表观遗传学变化,如DNA甲基化或组蛋白修饰,这些变化可能导致KIAA1199和Linc00673基因的表达降低[22]。
3.3 KIAA1199基因和Linc00673基因预测NSCLC化疗疗效的价值
基于上述结果,本研究推测KIAA1199基因和Linc00673基因可能作为生物标志物对NSCLC患者化疗疗效进行预测。通过ROC曲线证实,KIAA1199基因、Linc00673基因均是NSCLC化疗疗效的有效预测因子,KIAA1199基因预测NSCLC化疗疗效的AUC大于Linc00673,提示KIAA1199基因在预测NSCLC患者对化疗反应方面具有更高的准确性。因此,通过KIAA1199基因的表达水平,可能可以更有效地筛选出可能从化疗中获益的患者,这有助于避免对那些不太可能响应化疗的患者进行无效治疗。同时,临床医生可以利用KIAA1199基因的表达水平来评估患者对化疗的潜在反应,从而制定更合适的治疗方案[23]。此外,基于KIAA1199基因的预测能力,可进一步探索其在NSCLC化疗中的作用机制,从而开发新的治疗策略或改进现有治疗方法[24]。
综上所述,本研究证实KIAA1199基因和Linc00673基因可以作为预测NSCLC化疗疗效的生物标志物,其中KIAA1199基因更适合作为预测化疗疗效的生物标志物。本研究可以进一步筛选更多的基因,并对相关基因进行联合分析或者多标志物联合预测,以进一步提高预测效果,为临床上NSCLC化疗疗效的预测提供分子基础并指导临床用药。
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