Regional and Ethnic-Specific Characteristics of the Gut Microbiome in China and Their Impact on Disease
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摘要: 肠道微生物组（gut microbiome，GM）的构成受地理、民族、饮食和遗传等诸多因素调控。系统综述了中国不同地域与少数民族的GM研究，重点阐释地理因素和民族背景对GM组成与结构的影响，并深入探讨少数民族特异性菌群及其代谢功能与疾病易感性的关联。通过系统比较不同群体在菌群相关疾病中的微生物组成差异，旨在揭示其内在规律，以期为民族特异性的GM研究、疾病机制解析及精准防控策略的制定提供理论依据。Abstract: The composition of the Gut Microbiome （GM） is regulated by numerous factors, including geography, ethnicity, diet, and genetics. This review systematically synthesizes studies on the GM across different geographic regions and ethnic minority groups in China. It focuses on elucidating the impact of geographical factors and ethnic backgrounds on GM composition and structure and provides an in-depth discussion on the association between ethnicity-specific microbial taxa, their metabolic functions, and susceptibility to diseases. By systematically comparing microbial compositional differences in microbiota-related diseases among different populations, this review aims to uncover the underlying patterns. The findings are expected to provide a theoretical foundation for ethnicity-specific GM research, the elucidation of disease mechanisms, and the development of targeted prevention and control strategies.
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Key words:
- Gut microbiota /
- Microbiota composition /
- Ethnic minorities /
- Regional variation
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图 1 肠道菌群与多系统疾病的关联示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the association between gut microbiota and multisystem diseases
图 2 多不饱和脂肪酸对肠道黏膜稳态的影响机制
Figure 2. The mechanism of polyunsaturated fatty acids on intestinal mucosal homeostasis
表 1 中国部分少数民族成员的特征性肠道微生物组
Table 1. Characteristic gut microbial signatures in selected Chinese ethnic minority populations
序号 民族 菌群分类 序号 民族 菌群分类 1 赫哲族 芽生菌属 6 白族 乳酸菌属
双歧杆菌属2 彝族 普雷沃氏菌属
拟杆菌属7 瑶族 拟杆菌属 3 黎族 巨球型菌属 8 藏族 粪杆菌属
Psammococcus4 壮族 戈氏副拟杆菌
动物双歧杆菌9 蒙古族 普雷沃氏菌属 5 哈尼族 汉逊德巴利酵母菌
禾谷镰刀菌10 维吾尔族
哈萨克族瘤状球菌科
链球菌科
肠杆菌科
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表 2 中国不同民族人群肠道菌群与疾病关联研究
Table 2. Studies on the association between gut microbiota and diseases in different ethnic groups in china
序号 民族 疾病 肠道菌群 结论 1 维吾尔族
汉族溃疡性结肠炎 伯克霍尔德菌属
帕拉伯克霍尔普拉菌属肠道微生物群落的组成差异可能是导致维吾尔族和汉族患者溃疡性结肠炎（UC）临床表现差异的一个因素。嗜血杆菌可能成为预测 UC 的潜在生物标志物[56]。 2 藏族
汉族肠易激综合征 厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门
布劳特氏菌属由于藏族和汉族肠易激综合征患者肠道微生物群特征存在差异，布劳特氏菌可能会使患有肠易激综合征的藏族患者更容易出现腹胀症状[59]。 3 藏族 肝硬化 厌氧杆菌属
双歧杆菌属
多尔氏菌属藏族肝硬化患者体内拟杆菌属和放线菌属的数量显著增多[63]。 4 土家族
苗族
汉族缺血性脑卒中 肠球菌科
链球菌科传统的信息系统风险因素（收缩压、舒张压以及高敏C反应蛋白）与少数民族宿主的肠道微生物群之间存在相互作用[66]。 5 藏族 冠状动脉疾病 卡特尼巴克斯特菌
霍尔德曼纳菌
瘤胃球菌高海拔地区藏族人的独特生活环境和饮食习惯调节了其肠道微生物群的变化，从而使得他们患冠状动脉疾病（CAD）的几率低于普通人群[67]。 6 藏族 冠状动脉
心脏病小杆菌属、苏卡尼维菌属
布劳特氏菌属民族背景和环境对藏族人的肠道微生物群有着显著影响。冠心病（CHD）与藏族人的肠道微生物群密切相关[68]。 7 傣族
汉族II型糖尿病 拟杆菌属
变形菌门在汉族人群中，拟杆菌属数量的显著增加与II型糖尿病（T2DM）的发生有关；而在傣族人群中，变形菌属数量的显著增加则与T2DM的发生有关[72]。 8 哈萨克族
维吾尔族
蒙古族糖尿病 梭状芽孢杆菌
气单胞菌科
脱硫弧菌科
埃瑞斯皮洛特菌科不同种族群体中与糖尿病相关的细菌在组成和功能上存在显著差异。在研究糖尿病与肠道微生物群之间的关联时，应充分考虑种族差异的影响[75-76]。
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