Optimization and Practice of LD50 Experimental Teaching Based on An Alcohol Model
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摘要:
目的 探索以酒精(乙醇)替代高毒受试物开展实验教学的可行性、安全性和教学等效性。 方法 以2019—2022级预防医学等专业本科生为对象,在《毒理学基础实验》课程中采用昆明小鼠进行酒精经口灌胃LD50实验。设计5个剂量组( 5683 ~23670 mg/kg),观察1 h内中毒症状与死亡率,通过改良寇氏法计算LD50及95%置信区间,评估教学安全性及性别差异。结果 酒精LD50均值为 15439 mg/kg(范围:10046 ~22039 mg/kg),显著高于文献值(3450 mg/kg),主要由于观察时间缩短至1 h;将实验数据根据不同专业、学年以及受试动物不同性别进行分类分析,发现不同专业和学年开展的实验课所得酒精LD50值差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),雌鼠与雄鼠的酒精LD50值差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);酒精的剂量-效应关系明确,中毒症状可观察性强,安全性高;教学成本降低,操作效率提升,学生实验体验优化。结论 酒精作为LD50实验受试物安全、经济、易操作,完全满足教学核心目标,符合“3R”原则(尤其替代原则),具有显著的推广价值。 Abstract:Objective To explore the feasibility, safety, and teaching equivalence of substituting ethanol (alcohol) for highly toxic test substances in experimental teaching. Methods Undergraduate students majoring in preventive medicine and related disciplines from the classes of 2019—2022 were enrolled. An oral gavage LD50 experiment with ethanol was conducted using Kunming mice in the course Fundamentals of Toxicology Experiment. Five dose groups ( 5683 ~23670 mg/kg) were designed, and toxic symptoms and mortality rates within 1 hour were observed. The LD50 and 95% confidence interval were calculated using the modified Kärber method, and teaching safety and sex differences were assessed.Results The mean LD50 of ethanol was 15,439 mg/kg (range: 10,046~22,039 mg/kg), which was significantly higher than the literature value ( 3450 mg/kg), primarily due to the shortened 1-hour observation period. Experimental data were classified and analyzed according to different majors, academic years, and sex of test animals. No statistically significant differences were found in ethanol LD50 values between different majors and academic years (P > 0.05), nor between female and male mice (P > 0.05). Experimental data Ethanol demonstrated a clear dose-response relationship, readily observable toxic symptoms, and high safety. Additionally, teaching costs were reduced, operational efficiency improved, and students' experimental experience was enhanced.Conclusion Ethanol serves as a safe, economical, and easy-to-operate test substance for LD50 experiments that fully meets core teaching objectives and complies with the "3Rs" principle (particularly the replacement principle), demonstrating significant value for promotion. -
Key words:
- LD50 /
- Toxicology experimental teaching /
- Alcohol /
- Mouse
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表 1 近3年我校酒精LD50教学实验所得LD50值汇总
Table 1. LD50 values obtained from ethanol LD50 teaching experiments over the past three years
年级 班级 专业 试剂 LD50(mg/kg) LD50的95%可信限 2019 55 预防医学 乙醇(3%) 14093 11659 ~17034 2019 56 预防医学 乙醇(3%) 16144 13365 ~19499 2019 57 预防医学 乙醇(3%) 14636 13651 ~15118 2019 58 预防医学 乙醇(3%) 13842 11159 ~17209 2019 60 妇幼保健医学 乙醇(3%) 16569 18621 ~22389 2020 56 预防医学 乙醇(3%) 13016 10305 ~17062 2020 57 预防医学 乙醇(3%) 11593 9643 ~13497 2020 58 预防医学 乙醇(3%) 13863 11684 ~16448 2020 59 预防医学 乙醇(3%) 15985 14965 ~17072 2020 60 预防医学 乙醇(3%) 14883 12437 ~17811 2020 61 妇幼保健医学 乙醇(3%) 17894 16368 ~19320 2020 62 妇幼保健医学 乙醇(3%) 12008 9795 ~14779 2020 63 卫生检验与检疫 乙醇(3%) 10046 8383 ~12039 2020 64 卫生检验与检疫 乙醇(3%) 22039 18871 ~25715 2020 65 食品卫生与营养学 乙醇(3%) 16218 14064 ~19494 2020 66 食品卫生与营养学 乙醇(3%) 19054 15764 ~23031 2021 59 预防医学 乙醇(3%) 15984 14164 ~18038 2021 60 预防医学 乙醇(3%) 16757 14662 ~19151 2021 62 预防医学 乙醇(3%) 19055 15907 ~22824 2021 63 预防医学 乙醇(3%) 20417 17513 ~23803 2021 64 妇幼保健医学 乙醇(3%) 17783 14613 ~21640 2021 65 妇幼保健医学 乙醇(3%) 19099 15849 ~23014 2021 66 卫生检验与检疫 乙醇(3%) 11749 9120 ~15136 2021 67 卫生检验与检疫 乙醇(3%) 18440 17562 ~21934 2021 68 食品卫生与营养学 乙醇(3%) 13366 11065 ~16144 2021 69 食品卫生与营养学 乙醇(3%) 12456 9786 ~15743 2022 74 卫生检验与检疫 乙醇(3%) 14125 12091 ~17098 2022 75 食品卫生与营养学 乙醇(3%) 11187 9237 ~1367 表 2 近3年我校酒精LD50实验动物中毒症状
Table 2. Toxic symptoms in experimental animals from ethanol LD50 educational experiments at Anhui Medical University (past 3 years)
剂量(mg/kg) 5683 (LD0)8118 11598 16569 23670 (LD100)中毒症状 反应迟钝,呼吸迟缓,步态不稳,多动不安,抽搐。 呼吸急促,行动迟缓,腺体分泌增加,出现弓背反应,抽搐。 暴躁易怒,运动失调且后肢无力,腺体分泌增加,口吐白沫,抽搐。 活跃度降低,抽搐,瞳孔反应降低,口吐白沫,部分小鼠剧烈抽搐后死亡。 运动失调,呼吸困难,呕吐,全身剧烈抽搐,大部分小鼠灌胃后20 min内死亡。 最早发生时间 灌胃后5 min。 灌胃后3 min。 灌胃后2 min。 灌胃后2 min。 灌胃后立即出现症状。 表 3 近3年我校LD50教学实验雌雄动物死亡情况
Table 3. Mortality of male and female animals in LD50 teaching experiments at Anhui Medical University over the past three years
剂量(mg/kg) 5683 (LD0)8118 11598 16569 23670 (LD100)雄鼠 雌鼠 雄鼠 雌鼠 雄鼠 雌鼠 雄鼠 雌鼠 雄鼠 雌鼠 死亡数 1 0 18 6 40 40 55 67 95 115 总数 137 129 137 129 134 145 134 145 139 140 死亡率(%) 0.78 0.00 14.06 4.72 29.20 31.01 41.04 46.21 68.35 82.14 -
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