Preliminary Analysis of Cervical Cancer Awareness and Self-Sampling HPV Testing Accuracy Among Rural Women in Xiangyun County
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摘要:
目的 分析云南省祥云县农村妇女对宫颈癌的认知情况、高危型人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)感染状况及自取样HPV检测准确性。 方法 2023年12月至2024年12月招募祥云县三个乡镇农村常住21~65岁有性生活史的女性进行健康宣教,并于宣教前后进行宫颈癌认知的问卷调查。随后,指导入组对象自行采集阴道分泌物标本一份,并由妇科医生采集宫颈脱落细胞标本一份。所有样本采用基于聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)的HPV检测方法进行15种高危型HPV检测,对于HPV检测阳性的妇女,建议其接受阴道镜检查或进一步治疗。观测指标包括调查对象对宫颈癌及其防治相关知识的知晓率,高危型HPV阳性率及检测一致率。 结果 本研究入组615例女性,其中,汉族占85.0%,少数民族占15%,接受小学教育及未接受教育357例(58.0%),接受初中及以上教育有258例(42.0%)。健康宣教后,妇女对宫颈癌(100.0% vs 88.0%)、HPV(100.0% vs 64.6%)、HPV与宫颈癌相关(58.9% vs 10.1%)、宫颈癌的预防(98.0% vs 56.1%)、HPV疫苗(99.0% vs 31.1%)、农村宫颈癌免费筛查项目(98.9% vs 31.7%)的知晓率均得到明显提升(P < 0.05)。自取样HPV阳性率为9.9%,其中HPV-16/18阳性率为1.6%,医生取样HPV阳性率为8.6%,其中HPV-16/18阳性率为1.8%。自取样与医生取样检测结果Kappa值为0.517,表明一致性尚可,但仅40%的筛查妇女优选自取样方式。 结论 云南祥云县农村妇女对宫颈癌及其预防的认知水平偏低,健康教育能有效提升认知水平,需重视向筛查对象提供易于理解的健康教育。自取样与医生取样HPV检测结果一致性较好,有望作为农村医疗资源不足地区宫颈癌筛查的补充手段。 Abstract:Objective To analyze the awareness of cervical cancer, high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection status, and accuracy of self-sampling HPV detection among rural women in Xiangyun County, Yunnan Province. Methods From December 2023 to December 2024, rural women aged 21~65 years with sexual history from three townships in Xiangyun County were recruited for health education. Questionnaire surveys on cervical cancer awareness were conducted before and after the health education intervention. Subsequently, enrolled participants were instructed to self-collect vaginal secretion specimens, while gynecologists collected cervical exfoliated cell specimens. All samples were tested for 15 types of high-risk HPV using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based HPV detection methods. Women with positive HPV results were recommended to undergo colposcopy or further treatment. Observed indicators included awareness rates regarding cervical cancer and related prevention knowledge, high-risk HPV positivity rate, and detection concordance rate. Results A total of 615 women were enrolled, of whom 85.0% were Han Chinese and 15.0% were ethnic minorities. Among these, 357 women (58.0%) had received primary school education or no formal education, while 258 women (42.0%) had received junior high school education or above. Following health education, the awareness rates among women regarding cervical cancer (100.0% vs 88.0%), HPV (100.0% vs 64.6%), the correlation between HPV and cervical cancer (58.9% vs 10.1%), cervical cancer prevention (98.0% vs 56.1%), HPV vaccination (99.0% vs 31.1%), and the free rural cervical cancer screening program (98.9% vs 31.7%) all showed significant improvements (P < 0.05). The HPV positivity rate for self-sampling was 9.9%, with HPV-16/18 positivity rate of 1.6%, while the HPV positivity rate for physician-sampling was 8.6%, with HPV-16/18 positivity rate of 1.8%. The Kappa value for concordance between self-sampling and physician-sampling results was 0.517, indicating fair consistency; however, only 40% of screened women preferred the self-sampling method. Conclusion The awareness level of cervical cancer and its prevention among rural women in Xiangyun County, Yunnan Province is relatively low. Health education can effectively improve awareness levels, necessitating provision of easily understandable health education to screening participants. Self-sampling and physician-sampling HPV detection results demonstrate good concordance and may serve as a complementary approach for cervical cancer screening in areas with limited rural medical resources. -
Key words:
- Cervical cancer /
- Awareness /
- Health education /
- Self-sampling /
- HPV
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表 1 不同年龄段宫颈癌主要风险因素比较 [n(%)]
Table 1. Comparison of the major risk factors for cervical cancer across different age groups [n(%)]
宫颈癌主要风险因素 ≤30岁(n=30) 31~40岁(n=110) 41~50岁(n=196) >50岁(n=279) χ2 P 您第一次性生活的年龄? -e <0.001* >16岁 4(13.3) 2(1.8) 0(0) 1(0.4) 16~19岁 21(70.0) 18(16.4) 3(1.5) 10(3.6) ≥20岁 5(16.7) 90(81.8)a 193(98.5)ab 268(96.1)ab 您曾有几次妊娠史 -e <0.001* 无 1(3.3) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0.4) 1次 12(40.0) 3(2.7) 0(0) 0(0) 2次 16(53.3) 86(78.2)a 176(89.8)a 231(82.8)a 3次以上 1(3.3) 21(19.1) 20(10.2) 47(16.8) 您的性伴侣人数 -e <0.001* 无/1人 28(93.3) 103(93.6) 195(99.5) 279(100.0) 2人 2(6.7) 7(6.4) 1(0.5)b 0(0)ab 3人及以上 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 您性交时会使用避孕套吗? 339.1d <0.001* 否 5(16.7) 96(87.3) 196(100.0) 279(100.0) 是 25(83.3) 14(12.7)a 0(0)ab 0(0)ab 您会主动去医院行妇科体检吗? - - 否 30(100.0) 110(100.0) 196(100.0) 279(100.0) 是 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 您参加妇科体检的频率是 -e <0.001* 每年1次 3(10.0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 每2年1次 25(83.3) 92(83.6) 83(42.3) 56(20.1) 每3~5年1次 2(6.7) 18(16.4) 94(48.0)ab 209(74.9)abc 5年以上1次 0(0) 0(0) 19(9.7) 14(5.0) 您接种过HPV疫苗吗? 219.6d <0.001* 否 13(43.3) 65(59.1) 192(98.0) 279(100.0) 是 17(56.7) 45(40.9) 4(2.0)ab 0(0)ab *P < 0.05;与年龄“≤30岁”比较,aP < 0.05;与年龄“31~40岁”比较,bP < 0.05;与年龄“41~50岁”比较, cP < 0.05;d:采用卡方检验,e:采用Fisher’s精确检验。 表 2 健康教育前后妇女对宫颈癌认知情况比较[n(%)]
Table 2. Comparison of women's cervical cancer knowledge and awareness before and after health education [n(%)]
宫颈癌认知 宣讲前(n=615) 宣讲后(n=615) χ2 P 您知道宫颈癌吗? 72.0a <0.001* 不知道 74(12.0) 0(0) 知道 541(88.0) 615(100.0) 你以前是否听说过HPV? 216.0a <0.001* 否 218(35.4) 0(0) 是 397(64.6) 615(100.0) 你以前是否知道HPV与宫颈癌相关? 1062.0 b<0.001* 完全了解 62(10.1) 362(58.9) 听说过、具体不清楚 281(45.7) 253(41.1) 不知道、从没听说过 272(44.2) 0(0) 您知道宫颈癌可以预防吗? 256.0a <0.001* 不知道 270(43.9) 12(2.0) 知道 345(56.1) 603(98.0) 您知道HPV疫苗吗? 416.0a <0.001* 不知道 424(68.9) 6(1.0) 知道 191(31.1) 609(99.0) 您知道“农村宫颈癌免费筛查项目”吗? 411.0a <0.001* 不知道 420(68.3) 7(1.1) 知道 195(31.7) 608(98.9) a采用McNemar检验或者;b采用边际同质性检验;*P < 0.05。 表 3 自取样和医生取样HPV检测结果比较(n)
Table 3. Comparison of HPV test results between self-sampling and provider-sampling (n)
自取样HPV 医生取样HPV 合计 阳性 阴性 阳性 32 29 61 阴性 21 533 554 合计 53 562 615 表 4 不同年龄段自取样接受度比较 [n(%)]
Table 4. Comparison of self-sampling screening acceptance rates across different age groups [n(%)]
自取样接受度 ≤30岁(n=30) 31~40岁(n=110) 41~50岁(n=196) >50岁(n=279) χ2 P 您更喜欢哪种取样方法? 615.0d <0.001* 自取样 30(100.0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 医生取样 0(0) 110(100.0)a 196(100.0)a 279(100.0)a 自取样过程对您是否比较困难? 97.8d <0.001* 否 30(100.0) 110(100.0) 163(83.2) 162(58.1) 是 0(0) 0(0) 33(16.8)b 117(41.9)abc 自取样筛查疼痛程度(级) -e <0.001* 0 17(56.7) 62(56.4) 124(63.3) 121(43.4) 1~2 13(43.3) 44(40.0) 64(32.7) 107(38.4) 3~5 0(0) 4(3.6) 8(4.1) 44(15.8)bc 6~8 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 7(2.5) 您对自取样筛查可信任度是? 8.1d 0.230 不信任 12(40.0) 51(46.4) 109(55.6) 122(43.7) 有所怀疑 14(46.7) 49(44.5) 71(36.2) 124(44.4) 一般信任 4(13.3) 10(9.1) 16(8.2) 33(11.8) 信任 非常信任 你希望自取样筛查地点是? 12.6d 0.180 医院 2(6.7) 5(4.5) 15(7.7) 24(8.6) 最近社区 8(26.7) 36(32.7) 47(24.0) 95(34.1) 家中 20(66.7) 66(60.0) 129(65.8) 147(52.7) 其他 0(0) 3(2.7) 5(2.6) 13(4.7) 是否愿意将自取样介绍给朋友? -e <0.001* 愿意 13(43.3) 1(0.9)a 6(3.1)a 0(0)a 无所谓 15(50.0) 109(99.1) 187(95.4) 279(100.0) 不愿意 2(6.7) 0(0) 3(1.5) 0(0) *P < 0.05;与年龄“≤30岁”比较,aP < 0.05;与年龄“31~40岁”比较,bP < 0.05;与年龄“41~50岁”比较, cP < 0.05;d:采用卡方检验,e:采用Fisher’s精确检验。 -
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