Expression and Prognostic Value of WDR62 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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摘要:
目的 探讨WDR62在肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)中的表达特征及其与临床病理特征和预后的关系,并基于WDR62构建总生存(overall survival,OS)预测列线图模型。 方法 利用癌症基因组图谱(the cancer genome atlas,TCGA)肝细胞肝癌队列(TCGA-LIHC)RNA-seq 及临床资料,比较癌与癌旁WDR62 mRNA 表达差异,并通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评估其诊断价值。按 WDR62 表达中位数分为高、低表达组,分析其与临床病理特征及OS、生存结局〔肿瘤特异性生存(disease-specific survival,DSS)、无进展生存(progression-free survival,PFS)〕的关系。采用单因素和多因素 Cox 回归筛选 OS 独立危险因素,在此基础上构建预后列线图;通过 Harrell C 指数(Harrell’ s concordance index,C-index)、校准曲线和决策曲线分析(decision curve analysis,DCA)评价模型性能。另收集昆明医科大学第二附属医院配对手术标本,行免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry,IHC)检测 WDR62 蛋白表达。 结果 TCGA-LIHC共纳入 HCC 424 例及癌旁组织50 例,WDR62 在 HCC 中表达显著升高(P < 0.001),区分癌与癌旁的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为 0.964。WDR62 高表达组病理Ⅲ~Ⅳ期、组织学 G3~G4、甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein,AFP)>400 ng/mL 及有肿瘤状态患者比例升高,OS 死亡事件更多(均 P < 0.05)。Kaplan-Meier 分析显示,高表达组 OS、DSS 和 PFS 均明显低于低表达组(OS:P = 0.004)。多因素 Cox 分析表明,病理 T3~T4 期、有肿瘤状态及WDR62高表达是OS的独立危险因素,其中WDR62高表达风险比(hazard ratio,HR)为 1.656(95% 置信区间 confidence interval,CI:1.028~2.667,P = 0.038)。列线图模型 Harrell C-index 为 0.629(95%CI:0.576~0.680),1、3、5 年OS校准良好,DCA显示在约0.05~0.20阈值概率范围内模型具有较高净获益。该院IHC队列中,HCC 组织WDR62蛋白表达亦高于癌旁(P < 0.05)。 结论 WDR62在HCC中高表达并与肿瘤进展及不良预后相关。基于WDR62及临床病理特征构建的OS预后列线图在 TCGA-LIHC队列中具有一定预测能力,可为HCC风险分层和预后评估提供参考。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the expression pattern of WD repeat-containing protein 62 (WDR62) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), its association with clinicopathological features and prognosis, and to construct a prognostic nomogram model for overall survival (OS) based on WDR62. Methods RNA sequencing data and clinical information for HCC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma cohort (TCGA-LIHC). WDR62 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was compared between tumor and adjacent non-tumor liver tissues. Its diagnostic value was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Patients were divided into high- and low-expression groups according to the median WDR62 expression level. Associations between WDR62 expression and clinicopathological variables, as well as survival outcomes including OS, disease-specific survival (DSS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to identify independent prognostic factors for OS. Subsequently, a prognostic nomogram was constructed. Harrell’ s concordance index (C-index), calibration curves and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to assess model performance. In addition, paired HCC and adjacent liver tissues from surgical specimens in our hospital were collected from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, and WDR62 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results A total of 424 HCC cases and 50 adjacent/normal liver tissues samples from TCGA-LIHC were included. WDR62 mRNA expression was significantly higher in HCC tissues than in adjacent tissues (P < 0.001), with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.964 for distinguishing HCC from adjacent/normal tissues. The high WDR62 expression group exhibited higher proportions of patients with pathological stage III-IV, histologic grade G3-G4, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) >400 ng/mL and the presence of tumor status, and a higher incidence of OS events (all P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier curves showed significantly poorer OS, DSS and PFS in the high-expression group (OS: P = 0.004). Multivariate Cox analysis identified pathological T3~T4 stage, presence of tumor status and high WDR62 expression as independent risk factors for OS; high WDR62 expression had a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.656 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.028~2.667, P = 0.038). The nomogram model achieved a Harrell’ s C-index of 0.629 (95%CI: 0.576~0.680). Calibration curves for 1-, 3- and 5-year OS showed good agreement, and DCA indicated that the model provided higher net benefit within a threshold probability range of approximately 0.05~0.20. In the hospital IHC cohort, WDR62 protein expression was also significantly higher in HCC tissues than in paired adjacent tissues (P < 0.05). Conclusion WDR62 is up-regulated in HCC and is closely associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. The OS prognostic nomogram constructed based on WDR62 and clinicopathological variables shows acceptable predictive capability within the TCGA-LIHC cohort and may serve as a reference for risk stratification and prognostic assessment in HCC. -
Key words:
- Hepatocellular carcinoma /
- WDR62 /
- Prognosis /
- Nomogram /
- Immunohistochemistry /
- Survival analysis
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图 2 WDR62基因与临床病理特征的相关性
A: WDR62在病理T分期中的差异;B:WDR62在组织学分级中的差异;C:WDR62在病理分期中的差异;D:WDR62在体重方面的差异;E:WDR62在肿瘤状态中的差异;F:WDR62在AFP中的差异;G:WDR62在OS中的差异;H:WDR62在PFS中的差异;I:WDR62在DSS中的差异。*P < 0.05;**P < 0.01;***P < 0.001。
Figure 2. Correlation between the WDR62 gene expression and clinical pathological characteristics
表 1 不同 WDR62 表达组肝细胞肝癌患者的临床病理特征比较[n(%)]
Table 1. Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics of HCC patients stratified by WDR62 expression level[n(%)]
特征 WDR62低表达组 WDR62高表达组 χ2 P n 187 187 病理T分期 2.91 0.088 T1&T2 145 (39.1) 133 (35.8) T3&T4 39 (10.5) 54 (14.6) 病理N分期 0.13 0.716 N0 119 (46.1) 135 (52.3) N1 1 (0.4) 3 (1.2) 病理M分期 0.32 0.573 M0 129 (47.4) 139 (51.1) M1 3 (1.1) 1 (0.4) 病理分级 3.83 0.050 I级& II级 138 (39.4) 122 (34.9) III级& IV级 37 (10.6) 53 (15.1) 肿瘤状态 7.43 0.006* 无肿瘤 114 (32.1) 88 (24.8) 有肿瘤 64 (18.0) 89 (25.1) 性别 2.06 0.151 女性 54 (14.4) 67 (17.9) 男性 133 (35.6) 120 (32.1) 年龄(岁) 3.28 0.070 <= 60 80 (21.4) 97 (26.0) > 60 107 (28.7) 89 (23.9) 组织学分级 29.54 < 0.001* G1&G2 142 (38.5) 91 (24.7) G3&G4 43 (11.7) 93 (25.2) 残余肿瘤 1.12 0.290 R0 169 (49.0) 158 (45.8) R1&R2 7 (2.0) 11 (3.2) AFP(ng/mL) 22.44 < 0.001* <= 400 125 (44.6) 90 (32.1) > 400 16 (5.7) 49 (17.5) 血管浸润 3.36 0.067 否 117 (36.0) 91 (28.6) 是 50 (15.7) 60 (18.9) OS事件 5.71 0.017* 存活 133 (35.6) 111 (29.7) 死亡 54 (14.4) 76 (20.3) DSS 事件 3.63 0.057 否 151 (41.3) 136 (37.2) 是 32 (8.7) 47 (12.8) PFI事件 4.72 0.030* 否 106 (28.3) 85 (22.7) 是 81 (21.7) 102 (27.3) 与WDR62 低表达组比较,*P < 0.05。 表 2 WDR62 及相关临床特征与 OS 的单因素和多因素 Cox 回归分析
Table 2. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of WDR62 and clinicopathological features for OS
特征 n 单因素分析 多因素分析 HR (95%CI) P HR (95%CI) P 病理 T 分期 370 T1&T2 277 对照组 对照组 T3&T4 93 2.598 (1.826 ~ 3.697) < 0.001* 2.238 (1.413 ~ 3.545) < 0.001 病理 N 分期 258 N0 254 对照组 N1 4 2.029 (0.497~ 8.281) 0.324 病理M 分期 272 M0 268 对照组 对照组 M1 4 4.077 (1.281~ 12.973) 0.017* 1.846 (0.420 ~ 8.117) 0.417 肿瘤状态 354 无肿瘤 202 对照组 对照组 有肿瘤 152 2.317 (1.590~ 3.376) < 0.001* 1.902 (1.190 ~ 3.039) 0.007* 性别 373 女性 121 对照组 男性 252 0.793 (0.557 ~ 1.130) 0.200 年龄(岁) 373 ≤ 60 177 对照组 > 60 196 1.205 (0.850 ~1.708) 0.295 组织学分级 368 G1&G2 233 对照组 G3&G4 135 1.091 (0.761~ 1.564) 0.636 血管侵犯 317 否 208 对照组 是 109 1.344 (0.887 ~2.035) 0.163 残余肿瘤 344 R0 326 对照组 R2&R1 18 1.604 (0.812 ~ 3.169) 0.174 WDR62 373 低表达 187 对照组 对照组 高表达 186 1.668 (1.176~2.366) 0.004* 1.656 (1.028 ~2.667) 0.038* 与WDR62 低表达组比较,*P < 0.05。 -
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