Therapeutic Effects of Ultrasound-guided Closed Thoracic Drainage in Patients with Complex and Refractory Pneumothorax and Its Impact on Inflammatory Factors and Pulmonary Function
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摘要:
目的 探究超声引导下胸腔闭式引流术与传统胸腔闭式引流术对复杂疑难气胸患者的治疗效果,并比较二者对患者炎症因子水平及肺功能指标的影响。 方法 选择2021年9月至2024年9月于绵阳四〇四医院收治的128例复杂疑难气胸患者为研究对象,非随机分为研究组(n = 64,行超声引导下胸腔闭式引流术)与对照组(n = 64,行传统胸腔闭式引流术)。为进一步平衡两组之间的潜在差异,采用倾向性评分匹配法(propensity score matching,PSM)以1:1的比例对基线资料进行匹配。对匹配后患者的临床数据进行分析。采用重复测量方差分析两组患者的炎症因子[白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)]指标水平与肺功能[用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)、1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in 1 second,FEV1)、1秒用力呼气容积占用力肺活量百分比(forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity,FEV1/FVC)]指标水平。Pearson法分析术前炎症因子指标与肺功能指标的相关性。Logistic回归模型分析有无超声引导对胸腔闭式引流术术后并发症发生事件影响,并进行亚组分析。 结果 PSM后,研究组和对照组各匹配到50例患者,基线资料具有可比性(P > 0.05)。较对照组,研究组手术时间、引流时间、术后住院时间更短(P < 0.05),引流量更多(P < 0.05),并发症总发生率更低(P < 0.05),治疗总有效率更高(P < 0.05)。重复测量方差分析显示:(1)研究组与对照组患者IL-6、CRP水平均随时间增加先升高后降低,FVC、FEV1和FEV1/FVC水平均随时间增加而升高,时间效应有统计学意义(P < 0.05);(2)研究组患者术后1 d、术后3 d和术后7 d的IL-6、CRP均明显低于对照组,术后1个月、术后3个月的FVC、FEV1明显高于对照组患者(P < 0.05),各指标组间效应有统计学意义(P < 0.05);(3)时间因素对两组患者IL-6、CRP、FVC、FEV1的影响根据胸腔闭式引流术中是否使用超声引导的不同而有所不同,交互效应均存在统计学意义(P < 0.05)。Pearson结果显示,IL-6、CRP与FVC、FEV1和FEV1/FVC均呈负相关(P < 0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,校正协变量后,胸腔闭式引流术中使用超声引导仍是降低复杂疑难气胸患者术后并发症发生的独立保护因素(OR = 0.196,95%CI:0.047~0.816,P = 0.025),且在不同亚组人群中的结果一致(P交互 > 0.05)。 结论 超声引导下胸腔闭式引流术治疗复杂疑难气胸患者的效果更优,能更有效调节炎症因子水平、改善肺功能,且可降低术后并发症发生风险。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects of ultrasound-guided closed thoracic drainage versus conventional closed thoracic drainage in patients with complex and refractory pneumothorax, and to compare the effects of both approaches on inflammatory factor levels and pulmonary function indices in these patients. Methods A total of 128 patients with complex and refractory spontaneous pneumothorax admitted to Mianyang 404 Hospital between September 2021 and September 2024 were selected as the study subjects. Patients were non-randomly divided into a study group (n = 64, receiving ultrasound-guided closed thoracic drainage) and a control group (n = 64, receiving conventional closed thoracic drainage). To further balance potential differences between the two groups, propensity score matching (PSM) was adopted to match the baseline data at a 1∶1 ratio. Clinical data of matched patients were analyzed. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the levels of inflammatory factors [interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP)] and pulmonary function indicators [forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC)] between the two groups. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine the correlation between preoperative inflammatory factor indicators and pulmonary function indicators. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the impact of ultrasound guidance on postoperative complications following closed thoracic drainage, with subgroup analyses performed. Results Following PSM, 50 patients were matched in each group, with comparable baseline characteristics(P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, the study group had shorter operation time, drainage time, and postoperative hospital stay (P < 0.05), higher drainage volume (P < 0.05), lower total complication rate (P < 0.05), and higher overall treatment efficacy rate (P < 0.05). Repeated measures analysis of variance showed: (1) IL-6 and CRP levels in both groups increased initially then decreased over time, while FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC levels increased over time, with statistically significant time effects (P < 0.05); (2) IL-6 and CRP levels at postoperative day 1, 3, and 7 in the study group were significantly lower than in the control group, and FVC and FEV1 at postoperative 1 month and 3 months were significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.05), with statistically significant group effects for all indicators (P < 0.05); (3) The effects of time on IL-6, CRP, FVC, and FEV1 differed between groups based on whether ultrasound guidance was used during closed thoracic drainage, with statistically significant interaction effects (P < 0.05). Pearson analysis revealed negative correlations between IL-6, CRP and FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for covariates, ultrasound guidance during closed thoracic drainage remained an independent protective factor for reducing postoperative complications in patients with complex and refractory pneumothorax (OR = 0.196, 95%CI: 0.047~0.816, P = 0.025), with consistent results across subgroups (P for interaction > 0.05). Conclusion Ultrasound-guided closed thoracic drainage demonstrates superior efficacy in treating patients with complex and difficult spontaneous pneumothorax, more effectively regulating inflammatory factor levels, improving pulmonary function, and reducing the risk of postoperative complications. -
表 1 PSM前后两组患者基线资料比较[($\bar x \pm s $)/n(%)]
Table 1. Comparison of baseline data between the two groups before and after PSM [($\bar x \pm s $)/(n(%)]
组别 PSM前 PSM后 研究组
(n = 64)对照组
(n = 64)χ2/t P 研究组
(n = 50)对照组
(n = 50)χ2/t P 年龄(岁) 50.11 ± 9.22 48.81 ± 9.47 0.785 0.434 49.34 ± 8.80 49.92 ± 9.24 0.321 0.749 性别 男 45(70.31) 42(65.62) 0.323 0.570 33(66.00) 34(68.00) 0.045 0.832 女 19(29.69) 22(34.38) 17(34.00) 16(32.00) 体质量指数(kg/m2) 21.99 ± 1.96 21.76 ± 2.21 0.609 0.544 21.84 ± 2.01 21.73 ± 2.27 0.261 0.794 吸烟史 27(42.19) 30(46.88) 0.285 0.594 21(42.00) 24(48.00) 0.364 0.546 基础疾病 48(75.00) 48(75.00) 0.000 1.000 36(72.00) 39(78.00) 0.480 0.488 发病部位 左侧单侧 25(39.06) 39(60.94) 6.228 0.044* 24(48.00) 25(50.00) 0.046 0.977 右侧单侧 31(48.44) 19(29.69) 20(40.00) 19(38.00) 左右双侧 8(12.50) 6(9.38) 6(12.00) 6(12.00) 气胸类型 张力性气胸 5(7.81) 4(6.25) 0.576 0.902 4(8.00) 2(4.00) 0.855 0.836 血气胸 4(6.25) 3(4.69) 2(4.00) 2(4.00) 合并COPD 36(56.25) 40(62.50) 27(54.00) 30(60.00) 复发性气胸 19(29.69) 17(26.56) 17(34.00) 16(32.00) *P < 0.05。 表 2 两组患者围术期指标比较($\bar x \pm s $)
Table 2. Comparison of perioperative indicators between the two groups ($\bar x \pm s $)
组别 n 手术时间(min) 引流时间(d) 引流量(mL) 术后住院时间(d) 研究组 50 17.98 ± 2.50 3.44 ± 0.61 623.70 ± 22.88 9.26 ± 1.67 对照组 50 21.82 ± 3.17 4.82 ± 0.66 549.48 ± 19.08 11.60 ± 1.41 t 6.718 10.841 17.620 7.546 P <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* *P < 0.05。 表 3 两组患者临床疗效比较[n(%)]
Table 3. Comparison of clinical efficacy between the two groups [n(%)]
组别 n 显效 有效 无效 总有效率 研究组 50 34(68.00) 13(26.00) 3(6.00) 47(94.00) 对照组 50 26(52.00) 12(24.00) 12(24.00) 38(76.00) Z/χ2 0.221 6.353 P 0.825 0.012* *P < 0.05。 表 4 两组患者手术前后炎症因子指标比较($\bar x \pm s $)
Table 4. Comparison of inflammatory factor indicators between the two groups ($\bar x \pm s $)
指标 研究组(n = 50) 对照组(n = 50) t P IL-6(ng/L) 术前 88.33 ± 13.38 90.90 ± 14.09 0.879 0.351 术后1 d 202.46 ± 26.45a 232.25 ± 34.30a 23.642 <0.001* 术后3 d 166.31 ± 22.19ab 191.62 ± 24.13ab 29.810 <0.001* 术后7 d 66.43 ± 10.69abc 85.09 ± 14.44bc 53.942 <0.001* F 554.013 498.833 P <0.001* <0.001* F时间= 1007.297 ,P时间<0.001*F组间=86.916,P组间<0.001 F交互=7.571,P交互<0.001* CRP(mg/L) 术前 33.91 ± 4.28 34.08 ± 4.56 0.037 0.848 术后1 d 49.59 ± 4.43a 56.70 ± 6.30a 42.706 <0.001* 术后3 d 35.95 ± 4.12b 44.11 ± 3.87ab 104.227 <0.001* 术后7 d 14.36 ± 3.08abc 20.89 ± 3.57abc 96.099 <0.001* F 653.690 522.671 P <0.001* <0.001* F时间= 1160.653 ,P时间<0.001*F组间=149.314,P组间<0.001* F交互=17.453,P交互<0.001* *P < 0.05;组内事后两两比较,LSD-t验证,与术前比较,aP < 0.05;与术后1 d比较,bP < 0.05;与术后3 d比较,cP < 0.05。 表 5 两组患者手术前后肺功能指标比较($\bar x \pm s $)
Table 5. Comparison of pulmonary function indicators between the two groups ($\bar x \pm s $)
指标 研究组(n = 50) 对照组(n = 50) t P FVC(L) 术前 1.68 ± 0.24 1.65 ± 0.16 0.287 0.594 术后1个月 2.19 ± 0.29a 1.95 ± 0.21a 23.243 <0.001* 术后3个月 2.62 ± 0.38ad 2.46 ± 0.30ad 5.471 0.021* F 119.996 152.884 P <0.001* <0.001* F时间=397.762,P时间<0.001* F组间=11.954,P组间=0.001* F交互=7.571,P交互=0.002* FVC(L) 术前 0.94 ± 0.15 0.89 ± 0.21 1.630 0.205 术后1个月 1.42 ± 0.21a 1.21 ± 0.19a 27.359 <0.001* 术后3个月 2.02 ± 0.26ad 1.83 ± 0.24ad 15.101 <0.001* F 341.045 252.532 P <0.001* <0.001* F时间=695.823,P时间<0.001* F组间=28.411,P组间<0.001* F交互=5.274,P交互=0.008* FEV1/FVC(%) 术前 57.10 ± 12.83 54.92 ± 12.53 − − 术后1个月 65.71 ± 12.32a 62.66 ± 11.24a − − 术后3个月 78.16 ± 12.19ad 75.03 ± 12.70ad − − F时间=95.913,P时间<0.001* F组间=2.890,P组间=0.092 F交互=0.007,P交互=0.993 *P < 0.05;组内事后两两比较,LSD-t验证,与术前比较,aP < 0.05;与术后1个月比较,dP < 0.05。 表 6 炎症因子与肺功能指标的相关性
Table 6. Correlation between inflammatory factors and pulmonary function indicators
组别 IL-6 CRP FVC r −0.257 −0.272 P 0.010* 0.006* FEV1 r −0.228 −0.246 P 0.023* 0.014* FEV1/FVC r −0.215 −0.222 P 0.032* 0.026* *P < 0.05。 表 7 两组患者术后并发症比较[n(%)]
Table 7. Comparison of postoperative complications between the two groups [n(%)]
组别 n 皮下气肿 切口感染 胸腔感染 脱管 堵管 合计 研究组 50 2(4.00) 1(2.00) 0(0.00) 1(2.00) 1(2.00) 5(10.00) 对照组 50 5(10.00) 2(4.00) 1(2.00) 2(4.00) 3(6.00) 13(26.00) χ2/Fisher − − − − − 4.151 P 0.436 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.617 0.042* *P < 0.05。 表 8 超声引导操作对并发症事件影响的Logistic回归分析
Table 8. Logistic regression analysis of the effect of ultrasound-guided procedure on the occurrence of complications
模型 β SE Wald χ2 OR 95%CI P 模型1 −1.151 0.571 4.063 0.316 0.103~0.969 0.044* 模型2 −1.147 0.573 4.014 0.318 0.103~0.975 0.045* 模型3 −1.155 0.577 4.008 0.315 0.102~0.976 0.045* 模型4 −1.627 0.726 5.021 0.196 0.047~0.816 0.025* 模型1-未校正模型;模型2-在模型1的基础上校正年龄、性别、体质量指数;模型3-在模型2的基础上校正吸烟史、基础疾病;模型4-在模型3的基础上校正发病部位、气胸类型;*P < 0.05。 表 9 超声引导操作对并发症发生的亚组分析
Table 9. Subgroup analysis of the effect of ultrasound-guided procedure on the occurrence of complications
因素 并发症发生/超声引导例数/总例数 OR 95%CI P P交互 年龄(岁) 0.445 <49 2/25/50 0.275 0.050~1.525 0.140 ≥49 3/25/50 0.367 0.083~1.633 0.188 性别 0.495 男 4/33/67 0.188 0.019~1.900 0.157 女 1/17/33 0.383 0.105~1.397 0.146 体质量指数(kg/m2) 0.906 <21.65 2/24/50 0.247 0.046~1.333 0.104 ≥21.65 3/26/50 0.391 0.086~1.784 0.225 吸烟史 0.399 有 3/21/45 0.500 0.108~2.314 0.500 无 2/29/55 0.201 0.038~1.076 0.061 基础疾病 0.533 有 3/36/75 0.264 0.066~1.501 0.059 无 2/14/25 0.444 0.060~3.285 0.427 发病部位 0.791 左侧单侧 2/24/39 0.494 0.100~2.439 0.387 右侧单侧 2/20/49 0.193 0.036~1.303 0.054 左右双侧 1/6/12 0.400 0.026~6.176 0.512 气胸类型 0.367 张力性气胸与血气胸 1/6/10 0.500 0.037~6.683 0.600 合并COPD 2/27/57 0.250 0.026~2.390 0.229 复发性气胸 2/17/33 0.239 0.054~1.066 0.061 -
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