Effect of rhTGF-β1 on Osteoclast Formation via the BMP2/Smad1 Pathway in Rats during Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Huijie LOU; Peipei LI; Zhe FAN

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Huijie LOU, Peipei LI, Zhe FAN. Effect of rhTGF-β1 on Osteoclast Formation via the BMP2/Smad1 Pathway in Rats during Orthodontic Tooth Movement[J]. Journal of Kunming Medical University.

Citation:

Huijie LOU, Peipei LI, Zhe FAN. Effect of rhTGF-β1 on Osteoclast Formation via the BMP2/Smad1 Pathway in Rats during Orthodontic Tooth Movement[J]. Journal of Kunming Medical University.

Huijie LOU, Peipei LI, Zhe FAN. Effect of rhTGF-β1 on Osteoclast Formation via the BMP2/Smad1 Pathway in Rats during Orthodontic Tooth Movement[J]. Journal of Kunming Medical University.

Citation:

Huijie LOU, Peipei LI, Zhe FAN. Effect of rhTGF-β1 on Osteoclast Formation via the BMP2/Smad1 Pathway in Rats during Orthodontic Tooth Movement[J]. Journal of Kunming Medical University.

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Effect of rhTGF-β1 on Osteoclast Formation via the BMP2/Smad1 Pathway in Rats during Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Huijie LOU¹,
Peipei LI¹,
Zhe FAN^{2
,
,}

1.
Department of Orthodontics
2.
Department of Orthodontics II，Affiliated Hospital of Tangshan Polytechnic College，Jinzhou Hebei 063000，China

Received Date: 2025-09-18
Available Online: 2026-01-06

Abstract

Abstract

Objective To investigate the effect of recombinant human transforming growth factor-β1 （rhTGF-β1） on osteoclast formation during orthodontic tooth movement （OTM） in rats, based on the bone morphogenetic protein 2 （BMP2）/smad family member 1（Smad1） pathway. Methods The rat OTM model was established, and the distance of OTM was measured using micro-computed tomography （Micro-CT） analysis. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase （TRAP） staining was performed to assess osteoclast activity on the pressure side. Hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining was used to evaluate histomorphological characteristics on the pressure side. Immunohistochemistry （IHC） and Western blot analysis were conducted to determine the protein expression levels of related markers. Results Compared with the normal group, the OTM distance was increased in the Model group （P < 0.01）, the periodontal ligament space was significantly narrowed with the presence of resorption lacunae, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 （MMP-9） and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand （RANKL） on the pressure side was increased （P < 0.01）, the expression of osteoprotegerin （OPG） was decreased （P < 0.01）, and the BMP2/Smad1 signaling pathway was activated （P < 0.01）. The differences were statistically significant （P < 0.01）. After Noggin treatment to inhibit BMP2, compared with the Model group, the expression of BMP2 and p-Smad1 was significantly decreased （P < 0.01）, the OTM distance was significantly reduced （P < 0.01）, and the expression of TRAP, MMP-9, and RANKL on the pressure side was significantly decreased while OPG was increased （P < 0.01）. In rats treated with rhTGF-β1, compared with the Model group, the OTM distance was significantly increased （P < 0.01）, the number of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells was higher （P < 0.01）, the expression of MMP-9, and RANKL on the pressure side was significantly increased （P < 0.01）, OPG expression was significantly decreased （P < 0.01）, and the expression of BMP2 and p-Smad1 was up-regulated （P < 0.01）. Furthermore, the rhTGF-β1 + Noggin group partially reversed the increase in osteoclast number induced by rhTGF-β1 alone （P < 0.01）. Conclusion Orthodontic force can promote osteoclast formation, and rhTGF-β1 can increase osteoclast formation during OTM via the BMP2/Smad1 signaling pathway.
- rhTGF-β1,
- BMP2/Smad1 pathway,
- orthodontic tooth movement,
- osteoclast

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