Clinical Value of Matrix Metalloproteinase 7,Glutamyl Transferase,and Total Bile Acids in the Joint Diagnosis of Biliary Atresia
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摘要:
目的 探讨血清基质金属蛋白酶7联合谷氨酰转移酶、总胆汁酸诊断胆道闭锁的价值。 方法 选取昆明市儿童医院2023年7月至2024年9月住院胆汁淤积性黄疸患儿112例为研究对象。根据手术探查、术中胆道造影、肝活检及随访情况,将患儿分为胆道闭锁组(BA)( n = 52)和非胆道闭锁组(Non-BA)(n = 60)。比较两组患儿的日龄、性别、血清基质金属蛋白酶7(MMP-7)、谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)、丙氨酸氨基转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TB)、直接胆红素(DB)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、天冬氨酸转氨酶/血小板指数(APRI)。将有统计学意义的指标纳入受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析,计算ROC曲线下面积(AUC)和最佳诊断界值(约登指数)。 结果 两组患儿在日龄、ALT、AST、DB、TB、APRI水平比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);两组在性别构成比有差异(P = 0.006);BA组MMP-7、GGT、TBA水平显著高于Non-BA组,比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);MMP-7、GGT、TBA诊断BA的AUC分别为0.946(95%CI 0.897~0.996),0.857(95%CI 0.789~0.926),0.654(95%CI 0.552~0.755);当MMP-7截断值为22.37 ng/mL,诊断BA的敏感度和特异度分别为0.923和0.933;当GGT的截断值为151.5 U/L,诊断BA的敏感度和特异度分别为0.885和0.733;当TBA的截断值为119.5 μmol/L,诊断BA的敏感度和特异度分别为0.788和0.500。MMP-7 + GGT、MMP-7 + TBA联合诊断BA的AUC分别为0.971(95%CI 0.946~0.997),0.943(95%CI 0.889~0.996)。 结论 血清MMP-7作为单独诊断BA,具有较好的诊断价值;MMP-7联合GGT诊断BA优于单一指标;MMP-7联合TBA并不能提高诊断效能。 Abstract:Objective To explore the value of serum matrix metalloproteinase 7 combined with glutamyl transferase and total bile acids in the diagnosis of biliary atresia. Methods 112 children hospitalized in Kunming Children's Hospital with cholestatic jaundice from July 2023 to September 2024 were selected as the research subjects. According to surgical exploration, intraoperative cholangiography, liver biopsy and follow-up, the children were divided into biliary atresia group (BA) (n = 52) and non-biliary atresia group (Non-BA) (n = 60) respecvely. The age, gender, serum matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7), glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine aminative aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin (DB), total bile acid (TBA) and aspartate aminotransferase/platelet index (APRI) were compared between the two groups. Statistically significant indicators were included in receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) and optimal diagnostic margin (Youden index) were calculated. Results There was no significant difference in age, ALT, AST, DB, TB and APRI levels between the two groups of patients (P > 0.05); There was a difference in gender composition ratio between the two groups (P = 0.006); MMP-7 , GGT, TBA levels in the BA group were significantly higher than those in the Non-BA group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05); the AUC of MMP-7, GGT, and TBA in diagnosing BA were 0.946 (95%CI 0.897~0.996) , 0.857 (95%CI 0.789~0.926), 0.654 (95%CI 0.552~0.755) respectively; When the cut-off value of MMP-7 was 22.37 ng/ml, the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing BA were 0.923 and 0.933 respectively; When the cut-off value of GGT was 151.5 U/L, the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosing BA were 0.885 and 0.733 respectively; When the cut-off value of TBA was 119.5 μmol/L, the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosing BA were 0.788 and 0.500, respectively. The AUC of MMP-7 + GGT and MMP-7 + TBA combined to diagnose BA were 0.971 (95%CI 0.946~0.997) and 0.943 (95%CI 0.889~0.996) respectively. Conclusion Serum MMP-7 has the good diagnostic value as a single indicator for diagnosing BA; MMP-7 combined with GGT is better than a single indicator for diagnosing BA; MMP-7 combined with TBA cannot improve the diagnostic efficiency. -
Key words:
- Biliary atresia /
- Matrix metalloproteinase-7 /
- Glutamyl transferase /
- Bile acids /
- Diagnosis
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头颈部鳞癌中最常见的是喉癌,占所有癌症死亡的1%[1],据文献报道[2]预计2022年中国(不包括台湾地区)将有大约3万人新诊断出喉癌,1.7万人死于喉癌;其中,新发病例男性约2.7万人,女性约0.3万人;死亡病例男性约1.4万,女性约0.3万。喉乳头状瘤,儿童发病多于成人,成人有恶变倾向,因此,喉癌的癌前病变是喉乳头状瘤[3-4]。喉息肉多由慢性炎症、刺激等因素引起的,发病率占喉部良性肿瘤的20%以上[5]。
目前,关于喉鳞状上皮病变的不同阶段(喉息肉、喉乳头状瘤、喉鳞状细胞癌)关系比较的报道少见。而喉癌目前的治疗方法仍以手术为主,但传统手术方法创伤较大,且术后患者生存质量较低。随着微创手术概念的兴起,需要对喉癌作出早期诊断,并正确估计患者治疗后的预后,以便选择合理的治疗方法,避免造成不必要的创面并尽最大可能地保留喉的功能。当前,肿瘤患者手术方法的确定和预后的评价主要基于肿瘤的临床分期,但同一分期的喉癌患者常常显示出不同的临床过程,这就表明单一的TNM分期对于喉癌患者预后的推测存在不足。为此,本课题主要通过免疫组化检测增殖分化相关基因COX2、CDX2在喉息肉、喉乳头状瘤、喉鳞癌中的表达,同时探讨检测指标与喉癌患者预后之间关系以找出判断喉鳞癌预后的最佳免疫组化检测指标,为喉鳞癌患者预后判断和治疗方案的选择提供一定的理论依据。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 研究材料
1.1.1 样本资料
样本选自昆明医科大学第二附属医院手术切除的临床资料完整的存档蜡块,共51例。全部病例术前均未经放疗和化疗。其中,喉息肉15例、喉乳头状瘤11例、喉鳞癌25例;25例喉鳞癌样本,高分化8例,中分化11例,低分化6例。淋巴结有转移8例,淋巴结无转移17例。男性23例,女性2例,年龄39~79岁,平均62.12岁。按WHO喉癌TNM分类标准[6]:T1~T2期16例,T3~T4期9例。4%中性甲醛固定,5 µm连续切片。
所有患者的随访以电话方式进行,随访日期从病理报告确诊日期算起,至2008年12月,严格记录随访情况。共随访到25例喉鳞癌患者,失访0例;随访结局定义为死亡。
1.1.2 主要试剂
COX2即用型兔抗人单克隆抗体、CDX2即用型鼠抗人单克隆抗体、DAB显色试剂盒、即用型非生物素免疫组化EliVisionTM plus检测试剂盒等均为美国Maxin公司产品,购自福州迈新生物技术有限公司。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 免疫组化染色步骤
严格按试剂盒说明进行。每次实验均设阳性对照和阴性对照。
细胞质和/或细胞膜为COX2主要着色部位,淡黄色~棕黄色。细胞核为CDX2主要着色部位,呈淡黄色。
采用HPIAS-1000高清晰度病理图文分析系统对免疫组化结果进行定量分析。每个样本均在400倍下,按无偏采样原则取5个视野,每个视野测定5个细胞。最终结果由阳性单位(positive unit,PU)来判断[7]。
1.3 统计学处理
应用SPSS21. 0统计软件包,均值±标准差(
$ \bar x \pm s $ )表示PU值[6],采用单因素方差分析(单因素ANOVA检验)和t检验;生存分析使用Kaplan-Meier曲线进行单因素分析;P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。2. 结果
2.1 COX2蛋白免疫组化检测结果
COX2在喉鳞癌组织中的表达低于喉息肉、喉乳头状瘤中的表达(图1~3),差异有统计学意义(P = 0.004,P = 0.001),在喉息肉和喉乳头状瘤中阳性着色集中于棘细胞层和颗粒细胞层;T3-T4期喉鳞癌COX2表达比T1-T2期高,且差异有统计学意义(P = 0.001);有淋巴结转移喉鳞癌组高于无淋巴结转移喉鳞癌组,低、中、高分化喉鳞癌中的表达逐渐升高,但差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见 表1~2。
表 1 COX2在喉息肉、喉乳头状瘤和喉鳞癌中的表达($\bar x \pm s $ )Table 1. The expression of COX2 in laryngeal polyps,laryngeal papilloma and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma ($ \bar x \pm s $ )组别 n COX2表达 P 阳性单位(PU) 喉息肉 15 20.5987 ± 6.1766 1.000,0.004▲ 喉乳头状瘤 11 23.0000 ± 2.4537 0.001▲ 喉鳞癌 25 11.3664 ± 10.4782 与喉鳞癌比较,▲P < 0.05。 表 2 COX2在喉鳞癌中的表达与临床病理参数之间的关系($\bar x \pm s $ )Table 2. The relationship between the expression of COX2 and clinicopathologic parameters in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma ($\bar x \pm s $ )临床病理参数 n COX2表达 P 阳性单位(PU) 临床分期 T1~T2 16 6.6875 ± 8.9408 0.001 T3~T4 9 19.5778 ± 7.6142 颈淋巴结转移 (+) 8 13.1500 ± 10.9172 0.571 (−) 17 10.5294±10.5008 分化程度 高分化 8 15.2275 ± 9.6195 1.000,0.169 中分化 11 12.3945±9.9813 0.381 低分化 6 4.3333±10.6145 2.2 CDX2蛋白免疫组化检测结果
CDX2在喉息肉、喉乳头状瘤(图4~5)中多为弱阳性~阳性表达,阳性细胞散在分布,喉鳞癌(图6)中未表达CDX2,但两两比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见 表3。
表 3 CDX2在喉息肉、喉乳头状瘤和喉鳞癌中的表达($\bar x \pm s $ )Table 3. The expression of CDX2 in laryngeal polyps,laryngeal papilloma and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma ($\bar x \pm s $ )组别 n CDX2表达 P 阳性单位(PU) 喉息肉 15 8.73 ± 1.20 0.455,0.052 喉乳头状瘤 11 5.01 ± 0.05 0.132 喉鳞癌 25 0 2.3 COX2的表达与喉鳞癌患者预后的关系
单因素生存分析中,COX2阴性表达的喉鳞癌患者1 a、3 a、5 a生存率高于COX2阳性表达的喉鳞癌患者,COX2阴性表达的喉鳞癌中位生存期比COX2阳性表达的长,但是,两者比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见 表4和图7。
表 4 COX2的表达与喉鳞癌患者预后的关系Table 4. Relationship between expression of COX2 and prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patientCOX2表达 年生存率(%) 中位生存期 1 a 3 a 5 a 95%可信区间 P (+) 85.71 34.29 34.29 1.70~4.30 0.078 (−) 90.91 90.91 40.40 3.00~7.00 3. 讨论
3.1 COX2的表达特点及分析
喉鳞癌是一种高度致残的疾病,影响患者的语言、吞咽和呼吸技能[8],临床上早期诊断极为重要。环氧合酶2(cyclooxygenase 2,COX2)作为体内前列腺素生物合成的限速酶,其蛋白由604个氨基酸组成,表皮生长因子结构域、膜结合结构域及酶活性结构域,构成其基本结构。人COX2基因位于1号染色体1q25.2~25.3上,全长约8.3 kb,含10个外显子和9个内含子[9]。COX2被认为是一种“应答基因”,在健康组织中呈低表达或不表达[10-11],而在多种癌前病变和恶性病变时呈高表达[12]。其在体内呈诱导性表达,在被细胞内外各种刺激因素如脂多糖、白介素-1、血小板激活因子等因素所诱导下表达COX2。病理情况下,COX2参与炎症及肿瘤的形成[13-14]。研究显示,COX2与喉鳞癌[15-16]、食管鳞癌[17]和头颈部鳞癌[18]的淋巴结转移及预后有关,而有报道[19-20]却发现口腔鳞癌的复发或生存率与COX2无关,因此,在头颈部鳞癌中,COX2的表达无预后意义。本实验发现COX2在喉鳞癌中的表达低于喉息肉和喉乳头状瘤中的表达,表明COX2参与了炎症反应及喉鳞癌的发生;COX2在喉鳞癌低、中、高分化的表达逐渐升高,但其表达差异无统计学意义;随着喉鳞癌临床分期的增高,COX2的表达也增加,且差异有统计学意义。笔者认为COX2在不同病理阶段含量不同,对肿瘤细胞的促增殖作用也不同。
本实验还发现喉鳞癌中有淋巴结转移组比无淋巴结转移组的COX2阳性表达高,但差异无统计学意义。考虑与标本量太少有关。COX2表达阴性的喉鳞癌患者比阳性的患者中位生存期长,差异无统计学意义,故笔者认为COX2不能预测喉鳞癌患者的预后。
3.2 CDX2的表达特点及分析
CDX2基因,包括3个外显子和2个内含子,全长22~23 kb,蛋白含311个单氨基酸,与DNA的相应区域结合,方式为螺旋-环-螺旋,DNA表达的调节靠转录因子的形式。这种核同源异构体转录因子,调控着组织的分化和增殖[21-22]。
据报道,CDX2是胆管癌[23]和胰腺浸润性导管癌[24]患者预后的指标之一;CDX2对Barrett食管进展的早期检测具有潜在的预后效用,其表达可显著预测初次活检后40 ~ 45个月杯状细胞肠化生发生的风险[22]。有学者推测CDX2对肠上皮的鉴别、发生发展起着重要作用[25],是结直肠腺癌[26]的标志物,具有高度特异性和敏感性,CDX2的表达可能有助于乳腺Paget病的分型[27];但也有学者认为CDX2多态性不能作为预测中国人结直肠癌易感性的有用标记[28]。60例食管鳞癌中CDX2的阳性率为5%,而CDX2在43例肺鳞癌中仅2例为散在阳性,42例膀胱鳞癌中也发现有CDX2表达,但表达较少为1例,提示CDX2在鳞癌中表达极低[29]。
本实验发现CDX2在喉息肉、喉乳头状瘤中多为弱阳性~阳性表达,CDX2在喉鳞癌中不表达,且差异无统计学意义,初步推测CDX2可能不是喉鳞癌的危险因素。
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表 1 BA组和Non-BA组资料比较[M(P25,P75)]
Table 1. Comparison of data between BA and Non-BA groups [M(P25,P75)]
指标 组别 χ2/z P BA组(n=52) Non-BA组(n=60) 例数(n) 52 60 − − 性别(男/女) 23/29 42/18 7.596 0.006* 日龄(d) 55(30,70) 53(35,66) −0.163 0.87 MMP-7(ng/mL) 57.02(34.65,85.96) 12.39(9.27,15.39) −8.127 < 0.001* GGT(U/L) 383.50(226.50,711.25) 100.00(64.50,182.50) −5.505 < 0.001* DB(μmol/L) 105.10(84.00,129.73) 103.50(72.63,132.38) −0.607 0.544 TBA(μmol/L) 163.00(120.75,196.48) 119.85(92.43,167.63) −2.795 0.005* TB(μmol/L) 154.30(119.60,184.25) 145.55(101.45,181.88) −1.292 0.196 ALT(U/L) 101.50(59.00,207.25) 129.50(56.00,203.75) −0.723 0.469 AST(U/L) 182.00(101.00,310.50) 179.00(104.00,376.50) −0.505 0.614 APRI 0.49(0.31,1.10) 0.54(0.28,1.44) −0.896 0.37 *P < 0.05。 表 2 MMP-7、GGT、TBA对BA的诊断效能
Table 2. Diagnostic efficacy of MMP-7,GGT,and TBA for BA
指标 AUC 截断值 95%CI 敏感度 特异度 约登指数 MMP-7 0.946 22.37 0.897~0.996 0.923 0.933 0.856 GGT 0.857 151.5 0.789~0.926 0.885 0.733 0.618 TBA 0.654 119.5 0.552~0.755 0.788 0.500 0.288 表 3 MMP-7联合GGT、TBA对BA的诊断效能
Table 3. Diagnostic efficacy of MMP-7 combined with GGT and TBA for BA
指标 AUC P 95%CI 敏感度 特异度 约登指数 MMP-7 0.946 < 0.001* 0.897~
0.9960.923 0.933 0.856 MMP-7+GGT 0.971 < 0.001* 0.946~
0.9970.981 0.867 0.848 MMP-7+TBA 0.943 < 0.001* 0.889~
0.9960.885 0.950 0.835 -
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