Disinfecting Effect of Three Disinfectants on the Ultrasonic Scaling Unit Waterline

Yang LYU; Guiding LI; Shaowen LU; Binbing YU; Qiuju ZHAI; Yi PENG

doi:10.12259/j.issn.2095-610X.S20240928

Volume 45 Issue 9

Sep. 2024

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Journal of Kunming Medical University > 2024 > 45(9): 180-188

Yang LYU, Guiding LI, Shaowen LU, Binbing YU, Qiuju ZHAI, Yi PENG. Disinfecting Effect of Three Disinfectants on the Ultrasonic Scaling Unit Waterline[J]. Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2024, 45(9): 180-188. doi: 10.12259/j.issn.2095-610X.S20240928

Citation:

Yang LYU, Guiding LI, Shaowen LU, Binbing YU, Qiuju ZHAI, Yi PENG. Disinfecting Effect of Three Disinfectants on the Ultrasonic Scaling Unit Waterline[J]. Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2024, 45(9): 180-188. doi: 10.12259/j.issn.2095-610X.S20240928

Citation:

PDF( 1796 KB)

Disinfecting Effect of Three Disinfectants on the Ultrasonic Scaling Unit Waterline

doi: 10.12259/j.issn.2095-610X.S20240928

Yang LYU^{1, 2},
Guiding LI²,
Shaowen LU¹,
Binbing YU³,
Qiuju ZHAI^{1
,
,},
Yi PENG^{1
,
,}

1.
Dept. of Periodontology，Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology，Kunming Yunnan 650106
2.
Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology，Kunming Yunnan 650500
3.
Dept. of Anorectum，Kunming Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine，Kunming Yunnan 650106，China

Received Date: 2024-05-14
Available Online: 2024-09-04
Publish Date: 2024-09-25

Abstract

Abstract

Objective To assess the efficacy of three disinfectants in disinfecting the ultrasonic scaling unit waterline. Methods Twelve periodontal ultrasonic scalers were randomly divided into four groups based on the disinfection protocol: distilled water （A group）, 3% hydrogen peroxide （B group）, 500 mg/L chlorine disinfectant （C group） and 5% povidone-iodine （D group）. Each scaler was used for daily periodontal treatment and worked effectively for 6 hours per day. Water samples were collected at baseline, after disinfection, and 1-7 days post-disinfection. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） was used to observe biofilm formation. Culturable bacteria were counted, isolated and purified, then identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Sequences of 16S rRNA gene amplicons were clustered by operational taxonomic units （OTUs）. Results Baseline colony counts exceeded 100 CFU/mL in all groups. However, after disinfection, the colony counts decreased significantly in all groups （P < 0.05）. The colony counts remained below 100 CFU/mL within 3 d after disinfection with 3% H₂O₂, within 6 days after disinfection with 500 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant, and within 4 d after disinfection with 5% povidone-iodine （P < 0.05）.Pathogens such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were detected in the ultrasonic scaler unit water circuit. SEM showed thinner biofilm thickness in the 3% H₂O₂ and 5% povidone-iodine groups compared to the control group （P < 0.05）. Conclusions Bacterial contamination is present in the ultrasonic scaling unit waterline, posing a potential infection risk to periodontal staff and patients. In the context of increasingly severe nosocomial infections, appropriate disinfection protocols should be developed based on clinical realities.
- Ultrasonic scaler,
- Dental unit waterline,
- Plaque biofilms,
- Hydrogen peroxide,
- Sodium hypochlorite,
- Povidone iodine

FullText(HTML)

References(41)

References

[1]	Cui Y,Tian G,Li R,et al. Epidemiological and sociodemographic transitions of severe periodontitis incidence,prevalence,and disability-adjusted life years for 21 world regions and globally from 1990 to 2019: An age-period-cohort analysis[J]. Journal of Periodontology,2023,94(2):193-203. doi: 10.1002/JPER.22-0241
[2]	Sanz M,Herrera D,Kebschull M,et al. Treatment of stage I-III periodontitis-The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline [J]. Journal of Clinical Periodontology,2020,47 Suppl(22): 4-60.
[3]	Herrera D,Sanz M,Kebschull M,et al. Treatment of stage IV periodontitis: The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline[J]. Journal of Clinical Periodontology,2022,49(Suppl 24):4-71.
[4]	孟焕新. 牙周病学 [M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社,2020: 36.
[5]	Yu Y,Mahmud M,Vyas N,et al. Cavitation in a periodontal pocket by an ultrasonic dental scaler: A numerical investigation[J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry,2022,90(1):1-9.
[6]	Dang Y,Zhang Q,Wang J,et al. Assessment of microbiota diversity in dental unit waterline contamination[J]. Peer J,2022,6(10):1-16
[7]	Dahlen G. Biofilms in dental unit water lines[J]. Monographs in Oral Science,2021,29(1):12-18.
[8]	Kumbargere Nagraj S,Eachempati P,Paisi M,et al. Interventions to reduce contaminated aerosols produced during dental procedures for preventing infectious diseases[J]. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,2020,10(12):1-88.
[9]	Marino F,Mazzotta M,Pascale M R,et al. First water safety plan approach applied to a Dental Clinic complex: identification of new risk factors associated with Legionella and P. aeruginosa contamination,using a novel sampling,maintenance and management program[J]. Journal of Oral Microbiology,2023,15(1):1-14.
[10]	Bayani M,Raisolvaezin K,Almasi-Hashiani A,et al. Bacterial biofilm prevalence in dental unit waterlines: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. BMC Oral Health,2023,23(1):158-172. doi: 10.1186/s12903-023-02885-4
[11]	国家市场监督管理局,国家标准化管理委员会. GB 5749-2022. 生活饮用水卫生标准[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社,2022.
[12]	Wirthlin M R,Marshall G J. Evaluation of ultrasonic scaling unit waterline contamination after use of chlorine dioxide mouthrinse lavage[J]. Journal of Periodontology,2001,72(3):401-410. doi: 10.1902/jop.2001.72.3.401
[13]	侯雅蓉,倪佳,周俏怡,等. 2种消毒剂对牙周超声洁牙机独立水路消毒效果的比较[J]. 口腔疾病防治,2023,31(12):855-862.
[14]	国家卫生和计划生育委员会,国家食品药品监督管理局. GB4789.2-2016. 食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验菌落总数测定[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社,2017.
[15]	Standard Methods Committee of the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. 9215. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 23rd ed: 9215 Heterotrophic Plate Count[M]. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2017:2-8.
[16]	Rice E W,Rich W K,Johnson C H,et al. The role of flushing dental water lines for the removal of microbial contaminants [J]. Public Health Reports (Washington,DC: 1974),2006,121(3): 270-274.
[17]	Montebugnoli L,Chersoni S,Prati C,et al. A between-patient disinfection method to control water line contamination and biofilm inside dental units[J]. The Journal of Hospital Infection,2004,56(4):297-304. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2004.01.015
[18]	Urban M V,Rath T,Radtke C. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2): A review of its use in surgery [J]. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946),2019,169(9-10): 222-225.
[19]	Scarano A, Inchingolo F, Lorusso F, et al. Environmental disinfection of a dental clinic during the covid-19 pandemic: A narrative insight[J]. BioMed research international,2020,9(4):1-15.
[20]	da Cruz Nizer W S,Inkovskiy V,Overhage J. Surviving reactive chlorine stress: Responses of gram-negative bacteria to hypochlorous acid[J]. Microorganisms,2020,8(8):1-27.
[21]	Slots J. Low-cost periodontal therapy[J]. Periodontology 2000,2012,60(1):110-137.
[22]	Dioguardi M,Gioia G D,Illuzzi G,et al. Endodontic irrigants: Different methods to improve efficacy and related problems[J]. European Journal of Dentistry,2018,12(3):459-466. doi: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_56_18
[23]	Haapasalo M,Shen Y,Wang Z,et al. Irrigation in endodontics[J]. Br Dent J,2014,216(6):299-303. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.204
[24]	郭婉晴,王卫. 不同浓度含氯消毒液对口腔综合治疗台水路消毒效果研究[J]. 全科口腔医学电子杂志,2016,3(9):100-101.
[25]	Hoang T,Jorgensen M G,Keim R G,et al. Povidone-iodine as a periodontal pocket disinfectant[J]. Journal of Periodontal Research,2003,38(3):311-317. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0765.2003.02016.x
[26]	Eggers M. Infectious disease management and control with povidone iodine[J]. Infectious Diseases and Therapy,2019,8(4):581-593. doi: 10.1007/s40121-019-00260-x
[27]	Fidler A,Steyer A,Manevski D,et al. Virus transmission by ultrasonic scaler and its prevention by antiviral agent: An in vitro study[J]. Journal of Periodontology,2022,93(7):116-124.
[28]	Baker M A,Rhee C,Tucker R,et al. Ralstonia pickettii and pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections associated with contaminated extracorporeal membrane oxygenation water heater devices[J]. Clinical Infectious Diseases,2022,75(10):1838-1840. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac379
[29]	Sun X,Li M,Xia L,et al. Alteration of salivary microbiome in periodontitis with or without type-2 diabetes mellitus and metformin treatment[J]. Scientific Reports,2020,10(1):1-14. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56847-4
[30]	Inkster T,Weinbren M. Xenophilus aerolatus: What's in a name?[J]. The Journal of Hospital Infection,2023,139(9):238-239.
[31]	Li L H,Shih Y L,Huang J Y,et al. Protection from hydrogen peroxide stress relies mainly on AhpCF and KatA2 in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia[J]. Journal of Biomedical Science,2020,27(1):37. doi: 10.1186/s12929-020-00631-4
[32]	An S Q,Berg G. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia[J]. Trends in Microbiology,2018,26(7):637-638. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.04.006
[33]	Olwal C O,Ang'ienda P O,Onyango D M,et al. Susceptibility patterns and the role of extracellular DNA in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm resistance to physico-chemical stress exposure[J]. BMC Microbiology,2018,18(1):40. doi: 10.1186/s12866-018-1183-y
[34]	Koksal F,Yasar H,Samasti M. Antibiotic resistance patterns of coagulase-negative staphylococcus strains isolated from blood cultures of septicemic patients in Turkey[J]. Microbiological Research,2009,164(4):404-410. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2007.03.004
[35]	Ryan M P,Pembroke J T. Brevundimonas spp: Emerging global opportunistic pathogens[J]. Virulence,2018,9(1):480-493. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1419116
[36]	Lee M R,Huang Y T,Liao C H,et al. Bacteremia caused by Brevundimonas species at a tertiary care hospital in Taiwan,2000-2010[J]. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases,2011,30(10):1185-1191.
[37]	Yan J,Bassler B L. Surviving as a community: Antibiotic tolerance and persistence in bacterial biofilms[J]. Cell Host & Microbe,2019,26(1):15-21.
[38]	Hall C W,Mah T F. Molecular mechanisms of biofilm-based antibiotic resistance and tolerance in pathogenic bacteria[J]. FEMS Microbiology Reviews,2017,41(3):276-301. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fux010
[39]	Høiby N,Bjarnsholt T,Givskov M,et al. Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms[J]. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents,2010,35(4):322-332. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.12.011
[40]	Spagnolo A M,Sartini M,Cristina M L. Microbial contamination of dental unit waterlines and potential risk of infection: A narrative review[J]. Pathogens (Basel,Switzerland),2020,9(8):1-16
[41]	Fan C,Gu H,Liu L,et al. Distinct microbial community of accumulated biofilm in dental unit waterlines of different specialties[J]. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology,2021,11(6):1-14.

Relative Articles(20)

Relative Articles

[1]	Jia WANG, Lei FENG, Yulei ZHENG, Yong YUAN, Yao YAO, Zidang HU, Ni SHENG, Yan YU, Jiawei DING. Study on the Correlation Between Multiple Drug Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii with Efflux Pump and Biofilm Formation. Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2024, 45(12): 1-7.
[2]	Chengya MA, Jiang YANG, Xi CHEN, Xi XU, Pixuan YIN, Xin SHU, Hongyu PENG, Zhixiang FAN, Li LONG. Association between Myeloperoxidase-463G/A Gene Polymorphism and Essential Hypertension in Yi Nationality. Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2024, 45(4): 57-61. doi: 10.12259/j.issn.2095-610X.S20240408
[3]	Danyan SU, Wentian TANG, Jinxu YANG, Hua LIU, Bangsheng LI, Yingding ZHAO, Yunchao HUANG. Research Progress of Indole in E. coli Biofilms on the Surface of Biomaterials. Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2023, 44(12): 184-190. doi: 10.12259/j.issn.2095-610X.S20231229
[4]	Xinyi LI, Yuexiao LI, Lixian LI, Yongping LI, Ying GAO, Yanhong LI. Study on Microbiome of Supragingival Plaque of College Students with Gingivitis. Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2022, 43(2): 102-106. doi: 10.12259/j.issn.2095-610X.S20220207
[5]	Zhenghong YANG, Mingjie NING, Daqian HE, Mengzhe YANG, Yongping HUANG, Yunchao HUANG. Effect of Surface Topography on Staphylococcus Epidermidis Biofilm Formation by Different 3D Printing Thickness of Biomaterials. Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2022, 43(2): 12-17. doi: 10.12259/j.issn.2095-610X.S20220228
[6]	Jing ZHOU, Li-jun HUO, Ya-yan LEI, Hong-bing HE. Advances in Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Biofilm. Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2021, 42(4): 150-154. doi: 10.12259/j.issn.2095-610X.S20210429
[7]	Zhe-feng GAO, Ya-yan LEI, Yu SUN, Dan-wei LI, Hong-bing HE. The Interaction of Bacteria in the Process of Plaque Formation and Pathogenicity. Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2021, 42(7): 150-156. doi: 10.12259/j.issn.2095-610X.S20210725
[8]	Qian JIANG, Yu SUN, Li-jun HUO, Ya-yan LEI, Luo-wei PEI. Antibacterial Effect of Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water on Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm in Root Canal in Vitro. Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2021, 42(3): 5-9. doi: 10.12259/j.issn.2095-610X.S20210303
[9]	Meng Chun Mei , Yuan Tao , Zhang Yi Feng , Ma Yong Hong , Ye Ke Fan , Wu Xiao Mei , Zi Rong . . Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2020, 41(07): 85-88.
[10]	Niu Ling , Li Bo Yi , Ma Rong , Tang Yan , Liu Fang , Miao Cui Juan . . Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2020, 41(09): 98-101.
[11]	Long Qin , Fang Kai , Li Qing , Zhou Chun Mei , Zhou Yong Mei . . Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2020, 41(05): 136-139.
[12]	Jiang Yu , Qian Wei Min , Ye Ling , Ning Jing , Li Jian Min . . Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2019, 40(04): 57-60.
[13]	Zhang Ya Juan , Pan Hong , Du Jia Hui , Wu Jie , Qiu Xiu Qin , Liu Song Bai , Jia Bei Bei . The Effect of Cinnamaldehyde and Vancomycin on Biofilm Inhibition of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2018, 39(04): 52-55.
[14]	Dai Qing Li , Sun Gui Hu , Yan Bin , Guo Tao , Dai Qing Yuan . Establishment of Oxidative Stress Model by Inducing Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Using Hydrogen Peroxide. Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2018, 39(04): 34-39.
[15]	Huang Sheng Hua , Li Xiao Xia , Lian Xi Yan , Chen Zi Yao , Zhao Jing Tao , Feng Zhi Jian . Influence of Uric Acid on Human Umbillical Vein Endothelial Cells under Oxidative Stress. Journal of Kunming Medical University, 2016, 37(12): 20-23.
[16]	Fu Zhong Yang . . Journal of Kunming Medical University,
[17]	Wang Ru Li . . Journal of Kunming Medical University,
[18]	Qin Ya Hui . . Journal of Kunming Medical University,
[19]	Ren Xu . . Journal of Kunming Medical University,
[20]	. Two-dimensional Strain Echocardiography to Assess Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Journal of Kunming Medical University,