Psychological Characteristics and Pain Tolerance of Adolescents with Depression Experiencing Self-injury or Suicidality
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摘要:
目的 探讨青少年抑郁障碍患者出现自伤或自杀的影响因素以及疼痛耐受度。 方法 选取2023年1月至2024年5月在云南省精神病医院和昆明市精神病院被确诊为抑郁障碍的96名青少年进行研究,30 d内有自伤或自杀行为的为案例组(n = 61),30 d以上或无自伤或自杀行为的为对照组(n = 35)。采用健康问卷抑郁量表(PHQ-9)、米式边缘性人格障碍检测表(MSI-BPD)、房树人绘画测验(HTP)和哥伦比亚自杀严重程度评定量表(C-SSRS)评估调查。其中有72例用艾德堡HP-50测痛仪器完成了对皮肤压痛阈值的测试2 d内有自伤或自杀行为组n = 12,2 d以上有自伤或自杀行为组n = 60)。 结果 (1)96例患者两组性别、年龄分析显示差异有统计学意义,30 d以内组女性比例更高,年龄更小;(2)30 d以内组的PHQ-9得分为(19.59±5.99)分 、PHQ-9第9题(“有不如死掉或用某种方式伤害自己的念头”)得分为(2.41±0.97)分 、MSI-BPD得分为(7.43±1.61)分;30 d以上组的PHQ-9得分为 (10.89±7.99)分、PHQ-9第9题得分为(1.00±1.11)分、MSI-BPD得分为(5.40±3.13)分,两组经独立样本t检验分析,结果显示其差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.01);(3)在30 d以内组的房树人47项绘画特征中的5项绘画特征(重心偏移、头发不凌乱或无头发、无山、无太阳和无花草)出现的比例更高,其差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05);(4)96例患者两组绘画特征在以30 d内有无自伤自杀行为为因变量的二元逻辑回归分析中,无花草、PHQ-9第9题得分是青少年抑郁症患者30 d内出现自伤或自杀行为的危险因素(OR无花草=7.934、ORPHQ-9第9题得分=3.554);(5)对72例疼痛测试组中,2 d内出现自伤或自杀行为的青少年抑郁患者皮肤压痛阈值(8.83± 4.27)N明显高于时间超过2 d的患者(6.48±3.00)N,差异具有统计学意义(t = -2.201,P < 0.05),且PHQ-9第9题得分更高(2.50±0.67 VS 1.87±0.95),差异具有统计学意义(t = -2.201,P < 0.05)。 结论 HTP绘画中无花草绘画特征、有更强的自杀意念或自杀企图是青少年抑郁症患者出现自伤或自杀行为的危险因素,2 d内自伤自杀患者比2 d外自伤自杀患者的疼痛阈值更高。 Abstract:Objective To explore the influencing factors of self injury or suicide in adolescent patients with depression. Methods A total of 96 adolescents who were diagnosed with depressive disorder at Yunnan Psychiatirc Hospital and Kunming Psychiatirc Hospital from January 2023 to May 2024 were selected for the study. The case group consisted of 61 adolescents who had self-injury or suicidal behaviors within 30 days, while the control group consisted of 35 adolescents who had no self-injury or suicidal behaviors within at least 30 days. Assessments were performed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Millon Screening Inventory for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD), House-Tree-Person Drawing Test (HTP), and the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). Among these, 72 subjects underwent skin pressure pain threshold testing using the Algometer HP-50, with 12 in the self-harm or suicide group within 2 days and 60 in the group beyond 2 days. Results (1) Analysis of gender and age between the two groups showed statistically significant differences, with a higher proportion of females and younger ages in the 30-day group; (2) The PHQ-9 score for the 30-day group was (19.59±5.99), with a score of (2.41±0.97) for item 9 ("Thoughts that it would be better to be dead or to hurt oneself in some way"), and an MSI-BPD score of (7.43±1.61). The scores for the group over 30 days were (10.89±7.99), (1.00±1.11) for item 9, and (5.40±3.13) for MSI-BPD. Independent samples t-test analysis showed significant differences (P < 0.01); (3) In the 30-day group, five drawing characteristics from the 47 HTP characteristics (shift of center of gravity, hair not disheveled or no hair, no mountains, no sun, and no flowers or grass) were found to occur at a higher rate, with statistical significance (P < 0.05); (4) In the binary logistic regression analysis of 96 patients with the 30-day suicide or self-injury behavior as the dependent variable, the absence of flowers and PHQ-9 question 9 score are the risk factors for adolescent depression patients to have self-injury or suicide behavior within 30 days (OR no flowers = 7.934, OR score on PHQ-9 question 9 = 3.554). (5) Among the 72 subjects the skin pressure pain threshold for adolescents who exhibited self-injure or suicide behaviors within 2 days (8.83±4.27 N) was significantly higher than that for patients beyond 2 days (6.48±3.00 N), with statistical significance (t = -2.201, P < 0.05). Additionally, the score for item 9 of the PHQ-9 was higher (2.50±0.67 vs 1.87±0.95), also showing statistical significance (t = -2.201, P < 0.05). Conclusion The absence of flowers or grass in HTP painting, and stronger suicidal ideation or suicide attempt are risk factors for self-injury or suicidal behavior in adolescents with depression. Furthermore, those who self-injure or commit suicide within 2 days have a higher pain threshold compared to those beyond 2 days. -
表 1 两组抑郁症患者的一般资料比较[n(%)]
Table 1. Comparison of general data of two groups of patients with depression[n(%)]
项目 30 d内自伤
自杀者(61/63.54)30 d以上自伤
自杀者(35/36.46)t/Z/χ2 P 性别 6.940 0.008** 男 11(18.0) 15(42.9) 女 50(82.0) 20(57.1) 年龄(岁) 16.46±3.23 17.86±2.84 2.132 0.036* 民族 0.498 0.480 汉族 43(70.5) 27(77.1) 少数民族 18(29.5) 8(22.9) 是否抽烟 3.855 0.050 是 22(36.1) 6(17.1) 否 39(63.9) 29(82.9) *P < 0.05;**P < 0.01。 表 2 案例组和对照组分别在PHQ-9、MSI-BPD量表的分析[($ \bar x \pm s $)/n(%)]
Table 2. Analysis of PHQ-9 and MSI-BPD scales in the case group and control group[($ \bar x \pm s $)/n(%)]
变量 分组(n=96) $ \bar x \pm s $ t P PHQ-9 案例组(n=61) 19.59±5.99 −6.054 <0.001** 对照组(n=35) 10.89±7.99 “有不如死掉或用某种方式伤害自己的念头”(PHQ-9第9题) 案例组(n=61) 2.41±0.97 −6.487 <0.001** 对照组(n=35) 1.00±1.11 MSI-BPD 案例组(n=61) 7.43±1.61 −4.197 <0.001** 对照组(n=35) 5.40±3.13 *P < 0.05;**P < 0.01。 表 3 绘画特征频率比[n (%) ](1)
Table 3. Drawing feature frequency ratio [n (%)](1)
编号 绘画特征 选项 案例组(n=61) 对照组(n=35) χ2 P 整体 A1 篇幅 大 33(54.1) 23(65.7) 1.235 0.267 小 28(45.9) 12(34.3) A2 重心偏移 是 40(65.6) 14(40.0) 5.910 0.015* 否 21(34.4) 21(60.0) A3 纸张 横 60(98.4) 35(100) 0.580 0.446 竖 1(1.6) 0(0.0) A4 笔墨 浓 21(34.4) 14(40.0) 0.298 0.585 浅 40(65.6) 21(60.0) A5 HTP占比最大 房 37(60.7) 25(71.4) 3.043 0.218 树 20(32.8) 6(17.1) 人 4(6.6) 4(11.4) 房 H1 屋顶 涂黑 5(8.2) 4(11.4) 0.273 0.601 不涂黑 56(91.8) 31(88.6) H2 房切 是 10(16.4) 3(8.6) 1.162 0.281 否 51(83.6) 32(91.4) H3 房子类型 独栋房 44(72.1) 30(85.7) 3.210 0.201 楼房 9(14.8) 4(11.4) 其它 8(13.1) 1(2.9) H4 房子栋数 一栋 51(83.6) 30(85.7) 0.075 0.784 多栋 10(16.4) 5(14.3) H5 窗子 大 9(14.8) 8(22.9) 1.599 0.450 小 39(63.9) 18(51.4) 无 13(21.3) 9(25.7) H6 门 大 16(26.2) 8(22.9) 0.186 0.911 小 36(59.0) 21(60.0) 无 9(14.8) 6(17.1) H7 房门形状 拱形 9(14.8) 7(20.0) 0.640 0.726 方形 43(70.5) 22(62.9) 无 9(14.8) 6(17.1) H8 房子立体感 立体 17(27.9) 9(25.7) 0.656 0.720 不立体 43(70.5) 26(74.3) 两者都有 1(1.6) 0(0.0) H9 烟囱 有 13(21.3) 6(17.1) 0.243 0.622 无 48(78.7) 29(82.9) H10 窗帘 有 4(6.6) 2(5.7) 0.027 0.870 无 57(93.4) 33(94.3) H11 门把手 有 38(62.3) 20(57.1) 0.247 0.619 无 23(37.7) 15(42.9) 树 T1 树冠 圆形 42(68.9) 24(68.6) 0.001 0.977 其他 19(31.1) 11(31.4) 表 3 绘画特征频率比[n (%) ](2)
Table 3. Drawing feature frequency ratio [n (%)](2)
编号 绘画特征 选项 案例组(n=61) 对照组(n=35) χ2 P T2 树枝树叶 有 22(36.1) 12(34.3) 0.031 0.861 无 39(63.9) 23(65.7) T3 树落叶 有 4(6.6) 1(2.9) 0.617 0.432 无 57(93.4) 34(97.1) T4 树干 粗 30(49.2) 19(54.3) 0.232 0.630 细 31(50.8) 16(45.7) T5 树疤痕 有 7(11.5) 4(11.4) 0.000 0.994 无 54(88.5) 31(88.6) T6 树果实 有 7(11.5) 4(11.4) 0.000 0.994 无 54(88.5) 31(88.6) T7 树根 有 24(39.3) 7(20.0) 3.806 0.051 无 37(60.7) 28(80.0) T8 树切 切 12(19.7) 8(22.9) 0.137 0.711 不切 49(80.3) 27(77.1) T9 树类型 传统树 48(78.7) 25(71.4) 0.643 0.422 其他 13(21.3) 10(28.6) 人 P1 火柴人 是 32(52.5) 18(51.4) 0.009 0.923 否 29(47.5) 17(48.6) P2 手掌 有 17(27.9) 15(42.9) 2.248 0.134 无 44(72.1) 20(57.1) P3 五官 有 38(62.3) 26(74.3) 1.439 0.230 无 23(37.7) 9(25.7) P4 人物数量 1人 43(70.5) 19(54.3) 2.554 0.110 多人 18(29.5) 16(45.7) P5 头发 凌乱 3(4.9) 8(22.9) 7.078 0.029* 不凌乱 29(47.5) 13(37.1) 无 29(47.5) 14(40.0) P6 表情 微笑 24(39.3) 18(51.4) 1.511 0.680 不微笑 13(21.3) 7(20.0) 皆有 2(3.3) 1(2.9) 无 22(36.1) 9(25.7) P7 姿势 站立 58(95.1) 32(91.4) 0.507 0.776 坐姿 2(3.3) 2(5.7) 皆有 1(1.6) 1(2.9) P8 人物张口 是 2(3.3) 2(5.7) 0.330 0.565 否 59(96.7) 33(94.3) P9 脚掌 有 19(31.1) 9(25.7) 0.318 0.573 无 42(68.9) 26(74.3) P10 耳朵 有 5(8.2) 2(5.7) 0.203 0.653 无 56(91.8) 33(94.3) P11 服饰 有 25(41.0) 16(45.7) 0.203 0.652 无 36(59.0) 19(54.3) P12 人切 切 7(11.5) 7(20.0) 1.297 0.255 不切 54(88.5) 28(80.0) 表 3 绘画特征频率比[n (%) ](3)
Table 3. Drawing feature frequency ratio [n (%)](3)
编号 绘画特征 选项 案例组(n=61) 对照组(n=35) χ2 P 其他元素 E1 围墙栅栏 有 9(14.8) 4(11.4) 0.210 0.647 无 52(85.2) 31(88.6) E2 花草 有 9(14.8) 17(48.6) 12.879 <0.001** 无 52(85.2) 18(51.4) E3 动物 有 7(11.5) 7(20.0) 1.297 0.255 无 54(88.5) 28(80.0) E4 路 有 13(21.3) 12(34.3) 1.944 0.163 无 48(78.7) 23(65.7) E5 水 有 12(19.7) 5(14.3) 0.443 0.506 无 49(80.3) 30(85.7) E6 太阳 有 8(13.1) 13(37.1) 7.513 0.006** 无 53(86.9) 22(62.9) E7 云 有 9(14.8) 11(31.4) 3.749 0.053 无 52(85.2) 24(68.6) E8 山 有 3(4.9) 8(22.9) 7.054 0.008** 无 58(95.1) 27(77.1) E9 石子 有 4(6.6) 2(5.7) 0.027 0.870 无 57(93.4) 33(94.3) E10 旗帜 有 1(1.6) 3(8.6) 2.676 0.102 无 60(98.4) 32(91.4) *P < 0.05;**P < 0.01。 表 4 无花草元素对于抑郁青少年30 d及以内自伤自杀行为的Logistic回归分析
Table 4. Logistic regression analysis of the effect of no-flowering plant elements on suicidal behavior of depressed adolescents within 30 days
自变量 B S.E. Wald Sig. NagelkerkeR2 Exp(B) B的95%置信区间 下限 上限 无花草 2.071 0.694 8.900 0.003* 0.544 7.934 2.035 30.936 “有不如死掉或用某种方式
伤害自己的念头”(PHQ-9第9题)1.268 0.282 20.273 0.000** 0.544 3.554 2.047 6.174 分类自变量参考类别:第1个。*P < 0.05;**P < 0.01。 表 5 一般资料比较[n(%)]
Table 5. General data comparison [n(%)]
项目 案例组
12(16.67)对照组
60(83.33)t/Z/χ2 P 性别 1.204 0.273 男 6(50.0) 20(33.3) 女 6(50.0) 40(66.7) 年龄(岁) 16.33±2.39 16.50±2.01 0.254 0.800 民族 0.701 0.403 汉族 10(83.3) 43(71.7) 少数民族 2(16.7) 17(28.3) 是否抽烟 2.566 0.109 是 6(50.0) 16(26.7) 否 6(50.0) 44(73.3) *P < 0.05;**P < 0.01。 表 6 两组患者PHQ-9量表与皮肤压痛阈值比较
Table 6. Comparison of PHQ-9 scale and skin tenderness threshold between two groups comparison of general data
项目 2 d有自伤自杀行为组(n=12) 2 d外有自伤或无自伤行为组(n=60) t P PHQ-9总分 20.58±3.09 18.22±4.40 −1.758 0.083 “有不如死掉或用某种方式
伤害自己的念头”(PHQ-9第9题)2.50±0.67 1.87±0.95 −2.201 0.031* MSI-BPD总分 7.75±0.87 6.82±1.79 −1.758 0.083 疼痛阈值平均值(N) 8.83± 4.27 6.48±3.00 −2.289 0.025* 第一次疼痛阈值(N) 8.14± 3.97 5.92±2.86 −2.301 0.024* 第二次疼痛阈值(N) 8.67± 4.38 6.71±3.36 −1.750 0.085 第三次疼痛阈值(N) 9.66± 5.10 6.83±3.38 −2.424 0.018* *P < 0.05;**P < 0.01。 -
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