Staged Post-gastric Cancer Nutritional Management: Quantitative Target,Dynamic Feedback,and Application
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摘要:
目的 构建基于量化目标与动态反馈的胃癌术后分阶段营养管理路径,并探讨其在提高患者术后早期能量及蛋白质摄入达标率,并观察其对术后早期营养相关指标及近期临床结局的影响。 方法 本研究为类实验研究,采用便利抽样法,选取2025年9月至2025年12月新疆乌鲁木齐市某三级甲等医院行腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者45例为干预组,2025年5月至2025年8月收治的45例行腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者为对照组。对照组实施常规围手术期营养护理,未设定明确的量化指标与动态反馈机制;干预组实施基于量化目标与动态反馈的分阶段营养管理路径,核心干预包括饮食底物的分阶段量化、胃肠耐受性的动态评估以及护理方案的阶梯式反馈调整。比较两组患者早期营养摄入达标率及生化指标、术后并发症发生情况及营养风险变化情况。 结果 干预组能量摄入达标率为84.4%,高于对照组的48.9%(χ2 = 12.80,P < 0.001);蛋白质摄入达标率为80.0%,高于对照组的44.4%(χ2 = 12.10,P < 0.001);术后第3日血清ALB水平干预组高于对照组[(36.06±4.96)g/L vs(32.47±3.98)g/L,t = 3.783,P < 0.001]。干预组术后并发症总发生率为17.78%,对照组为35.56%,两组差异无统计学意义(χ2 = 3.636,P = 0.057);依据Clavien-Dindo分级标准,两组术后并发症的构成分布差异无统计学意义(χ2 = 3.636,P=0.162)。术后第5日NRS-2002评分中位数干预组(分布更趋向于低分值区间)低于对照组[1(1,1)vs 1(1,2),Z = -2.051,P = 0.040]。 结论 基于量化目标与动态反馈的分阶段营养管理路径,通过明确阶段性量化目标并引入动态反馈调整,可显著提高胃癌术后患者早期能量与蛋白质的摄入达标率,降低近期营养风险。该路径可为加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)围手术期营养管理的精细化与规范化实施提供临床借鉴。 Abstract:Objective To develop a staged nutritional management pathway for postoperative gastric cancer patients based on quantitative goals and dynamic feedback, and to explore its effects on improving the attainment rate of early postoperative energy and protein intake, as well as its impact on early postoperative nutrition-related indicators and recent clinical outcomes. Methods This was a quasi-experimental study. Using convenience sampling, 45 patients who underwent laparoscopic radical gastrectomy at a tertiary Grade A hospital in Urumqi, Xinjiang, from September 2025 to December 2025 were selected as the intervention group, and 45 patients who underwent laparoscopic radical gastrectomy admitted from May 2025 to August 2025 were selected as the control group. The control group received routine perioperative nutritional care without explicit quantitative targets or a dynamic feedback mechanism; the intervention group received a staged nutritional management pathway based on quantitative goals and dynamic feedback. The core interventions included staged quantification of dietary substrates, dynamic assessment of gastrointestinal tolerance, and stepwise feedback-based adjustment of the nursing plan. The two groups were compared in terms of early nutritional intake attainment rates, biochemical indicators, postoperative complications, and changes in nutritional risk. Results The energy intake attainment rate in the intervention group was 84.4%, higher than 48.9% in the control group(χ2 = 12.80, P < 0.001); the protein intake attainment rate was 80.0%, higher than 44.4% in the control group (χ2 = 12.10, P < 0.001). On postoperative day 3, serum ALB level in the intervention group was significantly higher than that in the control group [(36.06 ± 4.96) g/L vs (32.47 ± 3.98) g/L, t = 3.783, P < 0.001]. The overall incidence of postoperative complications was 17.78% in the intervention group and 35.56% in the control group, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ2 = 3.636, P = 0.057), According to the Clavien-Dindo classification, the distribution of complications showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ2 = 3.636, P = 0.162). On postoperative day 5, the median NRS-2002 score in the intervention group (distribution more concentrated in the lower score range) was significantly lower than that in the control group [1 (1, 1) vs 1 (1, 2), Z = -2.051, P = 0.040]. Conclusion The staged nutritional management pathway based on quantitative goals and dynamic feedback can significantly improve the attainment rate of early energy and protein intake in postoperative gastric cancer patients and reduce short-term nutritional risk by defining stage-specific quantitative targets and introducing dynamic feedback adjustments. This pathway may provide a clinical reference for the refined and standardized implementation of perioperative nutritional management in enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS). -
Key words:
- Gastric cancer /
- Nutritional management /
- Energy intake /
- Protein intake /
- ERAS
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表 1 循证证据转化策略
Table 1. Evidence-to-translation strategy
证据主题 核心推荐意见及来源 本路径转化策略(临床干预) 早期进食时机 推荐术后早期经口进食;术后第1天起进食流质或ONS。非全胃切除患者第2、3天向固体食物过渡,根据胃肠耐受量调整进食量。 POD 0~1 启动试探期:麻醉清醒后尝试温水试饮;POD 1给予清流质及早期肠外营养支持。
POD 4至出院 软食过渡期:逐步过渡至易咀嚼消化的软食。量化目标设定 胃癌患者围手术期能量目标需要量按照25~30 kcal/(kg·d)计算,蛋白质目标需要量按照1.2~1.5 g/(kg·d)计算。 目标量化管理:联合营养师按标准体重设定每日热量与蛋白摄入底线;配发带刻度的“标准化量具”与“护患共用营养日记”,实现每日摄入量可视化核算。 ONS强化介入 术后营养治疗首选口服营养补充(ONS)。若肠内营养未满足能量和蛋白质需要,应早期联合应用。 POD 2~3逐步增量期:强制在三餐间介入ONS强化供给,弥补早期经口摄入的不足,保障氨基酸底物供应。 动态评估与反馈 出现经口或肠内营养不耐受情况,应积极查找原因,必要时调整饮食和肠内营养方案。 动态评估与反馈:每日评估腹胀、恶心等症状。若出现中度及以上不耐受,暂停升阶或强制退回上一饮食阶段,严禁盲目推进。 表 2 路径实施细则
Table 2. Implementation details
术后阶段 干预内容与食物选择 目标摄入量与频次 关键评估与调整依据 第一阶段:启动试探期 (POD 0~POD 1) 目标:刺激胃肠道,评估基础耐受性
POD 0(手术当天):麻醉清醒后,若无恶心呕吐,可尝试少量温水(5~10 mL)、咀嚼口香糖
POD 1:如无不适,给予清流质(如温开水、米汤、清汤、无渣果汁)+肠外营养液。总量:200~500 mL/d
频次:每2~3 h一次,每次30~50 mL。每日评估:询问并记录腹胀、腹痛、恶心呕吐情况。听诊肠鸣音(>3次/分)。观察腹部体征
反馈与调整:出现中度及以上腹胀、呕吐、腹痛加剧,则暂停或退回上一阶段。若耐受良好,24~48 h内进入下一阶段。第二阶段:逐步增量期 (POD 2~POD 3) 目标:增加能量与营养素摄入,向半流质过渡
POD 2:过渡至全流质(如酸奶、蛋羹、过滤肉汤、口服营养补充剂)+肠外营养液
POD 3:尝试半流质(如稠粥、烂面条、肉泥、菜泥、果泥、土豆泥)+口服营养补充剂总量:逐步增至800~1200 mL/d,能量目标可达15~20 kcal/(kg·d);蛋白质目标:0.7~0.9 g/(kg·d)
频次:每日5~6餐。口服营养补充剂在三餐之间持续评估:关注胃肠道症状及首次排气/排便时间。监测水电解质平衡。全胃切除患者需警惕早期倾倒综合征症状(心悸、出汗、腹胀、腹泻)。
反馈与调整:若对半流质耐受差(如饱胀感强),可退回全流质1~2 d。首次排气是积极信号,可继续推进。第三阶段:过渡至软食及出院准备期 (POD 4至出院前) 目标:建立规律的经口进食路径,满足大部分营养需求
POD 4及以后:根据耐受情况,过渡至软食(质地柔软、易咀嚼消化的固体食物,如软饭、蒸鱼、肉末、豆腐、熟软的蔬菜水果)+口服营养补充剂总量:逐步接近术前能量需求的70%~80%(约20~25 kcal/(kg·d));蛋白质目标:0.9~1.1 g/(kg·d)
频次:坚持每日5~6餐,避免单次过饱。口服营养补充剂在三餐之间综合评估:评估总体营养摄入是否充足(结合饮食日记、体重变化、血清白蛋白/前白蛋白)。评估患者满意度
出院准备:制定详细的家庭饮食计划,教育患者坚持少食多餐、细嚼慢咽、避免高糖高渗液体快速摄入。提供食物选择清单。出院后居家宣教指导(出院后) 宣教目标:指导患者掌握居家营养原则,巩固围手术期代谢支持效果。 饮食方案指导:叮嘱继续少食多餐(每日5~6餐);保证优质蛋白摄入(鱼、禽、蛋、奶、豆制品);必要时继续补充ONS。 自我监测指导:发放家庭食谱示例;教育患者警惕远期早饱、反流、腹泻、便秘等症状;建议患者出院后定期于营养门诊或胃肠外科门诊随访,动态调整居家方案。 表 3 两组患者一般资料比较 [M(P25,P75)/n(%)]
Table 3. Comparison of general information between the two groups of patients [M(P25,P75)/n(%)]
观察项目 干预组(n = 45) 对照组(n = 45) χ2/Z P 性别 (男/女) 30(66.7)/15(33.3) 28(62.2)/17(37.8) 0.194 0.660 年龄 (岁) 65(58.0,71.5) 60(54.0,67.5) −1.793 0.073 BMI (kg/m2) 24.2(22.0,26.6) 23.6(20.9,27.4) −0.359 0.619 文化程度 0.494 0.482 高中及以下 39(86.7) 42(93.3) 高中以上 6(13.3) 3(6.7) 肿瘤分期 1.607 0.205 Ⅰ-Ⅱ 27(60.0) 21(46.7) Ⅲ-Ⅳ 18(40.0) 24(53.3) 基础疾病 0.711 0.701 高血压 12(26.7) 10(22.2) 糖尿病 12(26.7) 10(22.2) 无 21(46.7) 25(55.6) ASA分级(Ⅰ级/Ⅱ级) 12(26.7)/33(73.3) 14(31.1)/31(68.9) 0.216 0.642 术前白蛋白(g/L) 38.2(33.4,41.3) 39.4(36.3,42.9) −1.029 0.304 术前血红蛋白(g/L) 118.0(93.0,140.0) 129.5(99.0,145.8) −1.033 0.302 术前CRP(mg/L) 2.7(1.4,6.9) 2.3(0.5,6.3) −1.202 0.229 表 4 两组患者干预前后NRS-2002评分比较 [M(P25,P75),分]
Table 4. Comparison of NRS-2002 scores before and after intervention in the two groups of patients [M(P25,P75),point]
组别 n 手术前 术后第5日 Z(组内) P 干预组 45 3(2,4) 1(1,1) −5.710 <0.001* 对照组 45 3(2,4) 1(1,2) −4.800 <0.001* Z(组间) −0.304 −2.051 P 0.761 0.040 *P < 0.05;组间比较:Mann–Whitney U检验;组内前后比较:Wilcoxon符号秩检验。 表 5 两组患者术后第3天白蛋白、血红蛋白、CRP水平比较 [($ \bar x \pm s $)/M(P25,P75)]
Table 5. Comparison of albumin,hemoglobin,and CRP levels between the two groups of patients on postoperative day 3 [($ \bar x \pm s $)/M(P25,P75)]
组别 n 白蛋白(g/L) 血红蛋白(g/L) CRP(mg/L) 干预组 45 36.06 ± 4.96 116.20 ± 16.52 38.04(21.59,71.34) 对照组 45 32.47 ± 3.98 108.73 ± 15.30 28.78(12.56,53.35) t/Z 3.783 2.224 −1.723 P <0.001* 0.025* 0.085 *P < 0.05。 表 6 两组患者营养摄入达标率比较 [n(%)]
Table 6. Comparison of nutritional intake achievement rates between the two groups of patients [n(%)]
项目 干预组(n = 45) 对照组(n = 45) χ2 P 能量摄入达标 38(84.4) 22(48.9) 12.800 <0.001* 蛋白摄入达标 36(80.0) 20(44.4) 12.100 <0.001* *P < 0.05。 表 7 两组患者术后并发症发生情况比较[n(%)]
Table 7. Comparison of postoperative complications between the two groups [n(%)]
项目 干预组(n = 45) 对照组(n = 45) χ2 P 总并发症发生率 8(17.78) 16(35.56) 3.636 0.057 Clavien-Dindo分级构成 3.636* 0.162 无并发症 37(82.22) 29(64.44) Ⅰ~Ⅱ级 5(11.11) 10(22.22) ≥Ⅲ级 3(6.67) 6(13.33) *为3×2列联表检验结果;两两比较采用χ2分割法(Bonferroni校正),组间比较均P > 0.0167 。 -
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