Correlation Between Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetic Retinopathy
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摘要:
目的 分析2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)及其组分与糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy, DR)发生风险的相关性。 方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2024年10月在昆明医科大学第二附属医院眼科和内分泌科住院的 2441 例T2DM患者的临床资料。基于眼底改变将入组患者分为DR组(n = 619)和NDR组(n =1591 ),单因素分析比较两组患者MS及各组分的检出率差异;Logistic回归分析MS及其组分与DR发生风险的相关性。结果 参照NECP-ATP Ⅲ 标准, 2210 例T2DM患者中,DR患者619例,514例同时合并MS,MS检出率为83.00%。DR组合并MS及血压升高、甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)升高、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)降低的检出率均显著高于NDR组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。多变量Logistic回归分析调整混杂因素后,合并MS、高血压、TG升高和HDL-C降低均与DR发生风险显著正相关,OR值及95%CI分别为2.025 (1.462~2.806)、2.879 (2.316~3.578)、2.259 (1.803~2.829)、2.500 (1.993~3.136)。结论 MS与T2DM患者DR的发生存在相关性,以血压升高、TG升高及HDL-C降低更显著。随着MS组分数量的增多,DR发生风险有增加趋势。 Abstract:Objective To analyze the correlation between metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components with the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data of 2441 T2DM patients hospitalized in the Departments of Ophthalmology and Endocrinology at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from January 2019 to October 2024. Based on fundoscopic findings, enrolled patients were divided into DR group (n = 619) and NDR group (n = 1,591). Univariate analysis was used to compare the detection rates of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components between the two patient groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the correlation between MS and its components with the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR).Results According to the NECP-ATP III criteria, among 2, 210 T2DM patients, 619 had DR, and 514 had concurrent MS, with a detection rate of 83.00%. The detection rates of concurrent MS, elevated blood pressure, elevated triglycerides (TG), and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the DR group were all significantly higher than those in the NDR group, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors in multivariate Logistic regression analysis, concurrent MS, hypertension, elevated TG, and decreased HDL-C were all significantly positively associated with the risk of DR, with OR values and 95%CI of 2.025 (1.462~2.806), 2.879 (2.316~3.578), 2.259 (1.803~2.829), and 2.500 (1.993~3.136), respectively. Conclusion MS is associated with the occurrence of DR in T2DM patients, with elevated blood pressure, elevated TG, and reduced HDL-C being particularly significant. As the number of MS components increases, the risk of DR shows an increasing trend. -
Key words:
- Diabetic retinopathy /
- Metabolic syndrome /
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
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表 1 研究对象基线资料[n(%)](1)
Table 1. Baseline information of the study population [n(%)](1)
变量 总体 男性 女性 NDR (n = 1591 )DR (n = 619) P NDR (n = 999) DR (n = 411) P NDR (n = 592) DR (n = 208) P 年龄(年) 55.00 (47.00~63.00) 55.00 (49.00~62.00) 0.603 54.00 (45.50~62.00) 54.00 (48.00~61.50) 0.518 57.00 (50.00~65.00) 58.00 (51.00~65.00) 0.568 性别 男 999 (62.80) 411 (66.40) 0.113 - - - - - - 女 592 (37.20) 208 (33.60) - - - - 家族史 否 980 (61.60) 398 (64.30) 0.239 631 (63.20) 268 (5.20) 0.468 349 (59.00) 130 (62.50) 0.369 是 611 (38.40) 221 (35.70) 368 (36.80) 143 (34.80) 243 (41.00) 78 (37.50) 教育 高中以下 676 (42.50) 321 (51.90) 0.000* 376 (37.60) 190 (46.20) 0.003* 300 (50.70) 131 (63.00) 0.002* 高中及以上 915 (57.50) 298 (48.10) 623 (62.40) 221 (53.80) 292 (49.30) 77 (37.00) 抽烟 否 652 (41.00) 219 (35.40) 0.016* 90 (9.00) 65 (15.80) 0.000* 562 (94.90) 154 (74.00) 0.000* 是 939 (59.00) 400 (64.60) 909 (91.00) 346 (84.20) 30 (5.10) 54 (26.00) 饮酒 否 1100 (69.10)437 (70.60) 0.503 543 (54.40) 234 (56.90) 0.376 557 (94.10) 203 (97.60) 0.046* 是 491 (30.90) 182 (29.40) 456 (45.60) 177 (43.10) 35 (5.90) 5 (2.40) 冠心病 否 1412 (88.70)553 (89.30) 0.692 875 (87.60) 371 (90.30) 0.154 537 (90.70) 182 (87.50) 0.187 是 179 (11.30) 66 (10.70) 124 (12.40) 40 (9.70) 55 (9.30) 26 (12.50) BMI (Kg/m2) 24.61 (22.66~26.91) 24.69 (22.52~26.90) 0.919 24.80 (22.79~26.93) 24.78 (22.83~26.99) 0.883 24.24 (22.4~26.84) 24.45 (22.09~26.68) 0.853 病程(年) 4.00 (1.00~10.00) 8.00 (2.00~14.00) 0.728 3.00 (1.00~10.00) 6.00 (1.50~13.00) 0.000* 5.00 (1.00~10.00) 10.00 (2.00~16.00) 0.000* 空腹血糖(mmol/L) 9.16 (6.30~12.16) 8.80 (5.98~13.46) 0.059 9.07 (6.19~9.07) 8.90 (5.98~13.46) 0.068 9.49 (6.73~12.35) 8.60 (5.97~13.67) 0.920 HBA1C% 8.80 (7.10~10.60) 9.30 (7.70~10.90) 0.000* 9.10 (7.20~10.80) 9.30 (7.60~10.90) 0.041* 8.60 (6.90~10.30) 9.55 (7.95~11.00) 0.000* 表 2 基于四种MS诊断标准的DR患者MS组分检出率比较[n(%)]
Table 2. Comparison of MS component detection rates in DR patients based on four MS diagnostic criteria[n(%)]
变量 NECP-ATP Ⅲ CDS IDF JIS 男
(n = 411)女
(n = 208)χ2 P 男
(n = 411)女
(n = 208)χ2 P 男
(n = 411)女
(n = 208)χ2 P 男
(n = 411)女
(n = 208)χ2 P 肥胖 235
(57.20)181
(87.00)55.802 <0.001* 192
(46.70)95
(45.70)0.06 0.806 235
(57.20)181
(87.00)55.802 <0.001* 330
(80.30)181
(87.00)4.339 0.037* 收缩压升高 237
(57.70)128
(61.50)0.857 0.355 136
(33.10)74
(35.60)0.381 0.537 237
(57.70)128
(61.50)0.857 0.355 237
(57.70)208
(100.00)122.49 <0.001* 舒张压升高 180
(43.80)70
(33.70)5.9 0.015* 103
(25.10)36
(17.30)4.768 0.029* 180
(43.80)70
(33.70)5.90 0.015* 180
(43.80)70
(33.70)5.90 0.015* 甘油三酯升高 252
(61.30)112
(53.80)3.179 0.075 252
(61.30)112
(53.80)3.179 0.075 252
(61.30)112
(53.80)3.179 0.075 252
(61.30)112
(53.80)3.179 0.075 高密度脂蛋白
胆固醇降低242
(58.90)168
(80.80)29.587 <0.001* 208
(50.60)79
(38.00)8.855 0.003* 242
(58.90)168
(80.80)29.587 <0.001* 242
(58.90)168
(80.80)29.587 <0.001* *P < 0.05。 表 3 四种 MS诊断标准检出率的 Fleiss kappa 一致性检验[n(%)]
Table 3. Fleiss kappa concordance test for MS detection rate among the four diagnostic criteria[n(%)]
组别 NECP-ATP III Ⅲ CDS IDF JIS Kappa值 P 95%CI NDR 组 总体(n = 1591 )1176 (73.90)764 (48.00) 512 (32.18) 1226 (77.10)0.560 <0.001* 0.560~0.560 男(n = 999) 702 (70.27) 508 (50.90) 288 (28.80) 746 (74.70) 0.589 <0.001* 0.589~0.589 女(n = 592) 474 (80.07) 256 (43.20) 224 (37.80) 480 (81.10) 0.499 <0.001* 0.499~0.499 DR 组 总体(n = 619) 514 (83.00) 391 (63.20) 408 (65.90) 546 (88.20) 0.606 <0.001* 0.606~0.606 男(n = 411) 324 (78.80) 276 (44.60) 230 (37.20) 346 (55.90) 0.740 <0.001* 0.740~0.740 女(n = 208) 190 (91.40) 115 (55.30) 178 (85.60) 200 (58.50) 0.269 <0.001* 0.269~0.269 CDS:中华医学会糖尿病学分会;NECP-ATP Ⅲ:美国国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗指南;IDF:国际糖尿病联盟;JIS:国际多学会联合声明。Kappa值<0.2:一致性程度低;0.2~0.4:一致性程度一般;0.4~0.6:一致性程度中等;0.6~0.8:一致性程度较高;0.8~1.0 :一致性程度非常高;*P < 0.05。 表 4 两组患者合并MS及其各组分的差异[n(%)]
Table 4. Differences in metabolic syndrome and its components between the two groups of patients [n(%)]
变量 NDR (n = 1591 )DR (n = 619) χ2 P MS 20.606 <0.001* 否 415 (26.10) 105 (17.00) 是 1176 (73.90)514 (83.00) 腰围(cm) 0.048 0.826 <90/80 514 (32.30) 203 (32.80) ≥90/80 1077 (67.70)416 (67.20) 血压(mmHg) 72.739 <0.001* <130/85 861 (54.10) 210 (33.90) ≥130/85 730 (45.90) 409 (66.10) 甘油三酯 (mmol/L) 45.411 <0.001* <1.7 909 (57.10) 255 (41.20) ≥1.7 682 (42.90) 364 (58.80) 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(mmol/L) 53.491 <0.001* ≥1.03 812 (51.00) 209 (33.80) <1.03 779 (49.00) 410 (66.20) 分类资料的组间差异性分析采用Chi-square检验;*P < 0.05。 表 5 MS及各组分与DR风险的多变量Logistic回归分析
Table 5. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of MS and its components and risk of DR
变量 Model 1 Model 2 P OR (95%CI) P OR (95%CI) MS n (%) 否 1.000 1.000 是 <0.001* 2.040 (1.474-2.823) <0.001* 2.025 (1.462~2.806) 腰围 (cm) <90/80 1.000 1.000 ≥90/80 0.926 0.988 (0.769-1.270) 0.941 1.010 (0.783~1.302) 血压 (mmHg) <130/85 1.000 1.000 ≥130/85 <0.001* 2.849 (2.294-3.537) <0.001* 2.879 (2.316~3.578) 甘油三酯(mmol/L) <1.7 1.000 1.000 ≥1.7 <0.001* 2.291 (1.830-2.868) <0.001* 2.259 (1.803~2.829) 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(mmol/L) ≥1.03 1.000 1.000 <1.03 <0.001* 2.535 (2.022-3.179) <0.001* 2.500 (1.993~3.136) Model 1:多变量Logistic回归分析调整教育水平、抽烟史,Model 2:在Model 1的基础上调整HBA1C%、HOMA-IR、APOB/APOA1;*P < 0.05。 表 6 MS组分数量与DR风险的相关性[n(%)]
Table 6. Correlation between the number of MS components and the risk of DR[n(%)]
变量 DR P OR (95%CI) 模型1 组分(个) 1 31 (5.00) 1.000 2 74 (12.00) <0.001* 1.659 (1.041-2.644) 3 160 (25.80) 0.127 1.390 (0.910-2.123) 4 211 (34.10) <0.001* 2.923 (1.916-4.458) 5 143 (23.10) <0.001 7.846 (4.933-12.482) 模型2 组分(个) 1 31 (5.00) 1.000 2 74 (12.00) <0.05* 1.694 (1.061-2.705) 3 160 (25.80) 0.112 1.411 (0.922-2.160) 4 211 (34.10) <0.001* 2.933 (1.919-4.481) 5 143 (23.10) <0.001* 7.992 (5.013-12.739) Model 1:多变量回归模型调整教育水平、抽烟史;Model 2:在Model 1的基础上调整HBA1C%、HOMA-IR、APOB/APOA1;*P < 0.05。 表 7 不同性别T2DM患者的MS及其组分检出率比较[n(%)]
Table 7. Detection rates of MS and its components in T2DM patients by gender[n(%)]
变量 男 (n = 1410 )女 (n = 800) NDR (n = 999) DR (n = 411) P OR (95%CI) NDR (n = 592) DR (n = 208) P OR (95%CI) MS 否 297 (29.70) 87 (27.20) 1.000 118 (19.90) 18 (8.70) 1.000 是 702 (70.30) 324 (78.80) <0.05* 1.576 (1.199~2.070) 474 (80.10) 190 (91.30) <0.001* 2.628 (1.556~4.436) 腰围 (cm) <90/80 403 (40.30) 176 (42.80) 1.000 111 (18.80) 27 (13.00) 1.000 ≥90/80 596 (59.70) 235 (57.20) 0.389 1.436 (0.899~1.675) 481 (81.20) 181 (87.00) 0.058 1.547 (0.983~2.436) 血压 (mmHg) <130/85 554 (55.50) 141 (34.30) 1.000 307 (51.90) 69 (33.20) 1.000 ≥130/85 445 (44.50) 270 (65.70) <0.001* 2.384 (1.877~3.027) 285 (48.10) 139 (66.80) <0.001* 2.170 (1.559~3.020) 甘油三酯 (mmol/L) <1.7 564 (56.50) 159 (38.70) 1.000 345 (58.30) 96 (46.20) 1.000 ≥1.7 435 (43.50) 252 (61.30) <0.001* 2.055 (1.625~2.598) 247 (41.70) 112 (53.80) <0.05* 1.630 (1.186~2.239) 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (mmol/L) ≥1.03 423 (42.30) 169 (41.10) 1.000 236 (39.90) 40 (19.20) 1.000 <1.03 576 (57.70) 242 (58.90) 0.352 1.052 (0.833~1.328) 356 (60.10) 168 (80.80) <0.001* 2.784 (1.900~4.080) *P < 0.05。 表 8 多变量调整后MS及其组分与不同性别患者DR风险的相关性[n(%)]
Table 8. Correlation of MS and its components with the risk of DR in patients of different genders after multivariate adjustment[n(%)]
模型 男性 (n = 1410 )女性 (n = 800) P OR (95%CI) P OR (95%CI) 模型 1 MS 否 1.000 1.000 是 <0.001* 2.586 (1.739~3.847) <0.05* 1.628 (1.556~4.436) 腰围 (cm) <90/80 1.000 1.000 ≥90/80 0.859 1.033 (0.723~1.475) 0.523 1.217 (0.666~2.224) 血压 (mmHg) <130/85 1.000 1.000 ≥130/85 <0.001* 3.051 (2.314~4.022) <0.05* 1.144 (1.078~2.264) 甘油三酯 (mmol/L) <1.7 1.000 1.000 ≥1.7 <0.001* 3.090 (2.285~4.179) <0.05* 1.588 (1.112~2.267) 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (mmol/L) ≥1.03 1.000 1.000 <1.03 <0.001* 2.552 (1.924~3.387) <0.001* 2.688 (1.774~4.074) 模型2 MS 否 1.000 1.000 是 <0.001* 2.413 (1.611~3.614) <0.05* 1.189 (1.094~2.380) 腰围 (cm) <90/80 1.000 1.000 ≥90/80 <0.001* 2.009 (1.544~2.616) 0.592 1.183 (0.640~2.184) 血压 (mmHg) <130/85 1.000 1.000 ≥130/85 <0.001* 2.928 (2.233~3.902) <0.001* 2.353 (1.582~3.500) 甘油三酯(mmol/L) <1.7 1.000 1.000 ≥1.7 <0.001* 2.768 (2.037~3.700) <0.05* 1.594 (1.082~2.348) 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (mmol/L) ≥1.03 1.000 1.000 <1.03 <0.001* 2.435 (1.830~3.242) <0.001* 2.842 (1.809~4.466) 男性:Model 1为多变量回归调整教育水平、抽烟、病程及BMI,Model 2在Model 1的基础上进一步调整HBA1C%、HOMA-IR。女性:Model 1为多变量回归分析调整教育水平、抽烟、饮酒、病程,Model 2在Model 1的基础上进一步调整HBA1C%;*P < 0.05。 表 9 MS组分数量与不同性别DR患者发生风险的相关性[n(%)]
Table 9. Correlation between the number of MS components and the risk of developing DR in patients of different genders[n(%)]
变量 男性 女性 DR P OR (95%CI) DR P OR (95%CI) 模型 1 组分(个) 1 28 (6.80) 1.000 3 (1.40) 1.000 2 59 (14.40) <0.05* 2.000 (1.191~3.358) 15 (7.20) 0.697 1.326 (0.321~5.488) 3 118 (28.70) <0.05* 1.699 (1.052~2.744) 42 (20.20) 0.514 1.563 (0.409~5.972) 4 121 (29.40) <0.001* 4.033 (2.423~6.713) 90 (43.30) 0.057 3.604 (0.962~13.498) 5 85 (20.70) <0.001* 14.841 (8.094~27.213) 58 (27.90) <0.05* 7.638 (1.978~29.491) 模型2 组分(个) 1 28 (6.80) 1.000 3 (1.40) 1.000 2 59 (14.40) <0.05* 1.982 (1.179~3.333) 15 (7.20) 0.624 1.438 (0.336~6.148) 3 118 (28.70) <0.05* 1.672 (1.034~2.705) 42 (20.20) 0.482 1.636 (0.415~6.456) 4 121 (29.40) <0.001* 3.925 (2.354~6.545) 90 (43.30) 0.059 3.670 (0.950~14.179) 5 85 (20.70) <0.001* 14.492 (7.893~26.609) 58 (27.90) <0.05* 7.992 (2.005~31.854) 男性:Model 1调整教育水平、抽烟、病程及BMI,Model 2在Model 1的基础上进一步调整HBA1C%、HOMA-IR。女性:Model 1调整教育水平、抽烟、饮酒、病程,Model 2在Model 1的基础上进一步调整HBA1C%;*P < 0.05。 -
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