Effects of High-Frequency rTMS Combined with Virtual Reality Balance Training in Patients with Hemiplegia After Stroke
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摘要:
目的 探讨高频rTMS联合虚拟现实平衡训练对脑卒中后偏瘫患者姿势控制及跌倒效能的影响研究。 方法 纳入昆山市康复医院2023年5月—2025年4月就诊的216例脑卒中后偏瘫患者,按照随机数字表法将其分成四组:常规干预组(常规干预)、高频rTMS组(高频rTMS干预)、平衡训练组(虚拟现实平衡训练)与联合训练组(高频rTMS联合虚拟现实平衡训练),每组54例患者。采用评估者单盲设计,以减少测量偏倚。采用重复测量方差分析(或混合效应模型)对比四组患者干预前、后的姿势控制[Berg平衡量表(berg balance scale,BBS)、Fugl-Meyer评估表(fugl-meyer assessment,FMA)]、跌倒效能[跌倒效能量表(modified falls efficacy scale,MFES)]、步行功能[ 功能性步行能力量表(functional ambulation category,FAC)]、依从性[康复锻炼依从性量表(exercise adherence questionnaire,EAQ)]、不良反应、跌倒率。 结果 干预后,四组患者的BBS、FMA评分提高,且高频rTMS组、平衡训练组高于常规干预组(P < 0.05),联合训练组高于常规干预组、高频rTMS组、平衡训练组(P < 0.05)。四组患者BBS评分组间与时间存在交互作用(P < 0.05),四组患者的FMA评分组间与时间不存在交互作用(P > 0.05)。干预后,四组患者的MFES评分提高,且高频rTMS组、平衡训练组高于常规干预组(P < 0.05),联合训练组高于常规干预组、高频rTMS组、平衡训练组(P < 0.05)。四组患者MFES评分室内活动、室外活动、家务活动各维度组间与时间均存在交互作用(P < 0.05)。干预后,四组患者的步行功能(FAC分级)分布差异有统计学意义(H = 22.364, P < 0.001)。采用Mann-Whitney U检验进行事后两两比较(校正显著性水平α= 0.0083 )显示:高频rTMS组、平衡训练组的步行功能优于常规干预组(P <0.0083 );联合训练组的步行功能优于常规干预组、高频rTMS组及平衡训练组(P <0.0083 )。干预后,四组患者的EAQ评分提高,且高频rTMS组、平衡训练组高于常规干预组(P < 0.05),联合训练组高于常规干预组、高频rTMS组、平衡训练组(P < 0.05)。四组患者EAQ评分锻炼强度、时间、频率、注意事项各维度组间与时间均存在交互作用(P < 0.05)。四组患者的不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);高频rTMS组、平衡训练组、联合训练组患者的跌倒率与伤害性跌倒率均低于常规干预组(P < 0.05),联合训练组患者的跌倒率与伤害性跌倒率低于常规干预组(P < 0.05)。结论 高频 rTMS与虚拟现实平衡训练单独应用均优于常规康复干预,二者联合具有显著协同增效作用,可更有效地改善脑卒中后偏瘫患者的平衡功能、运动功能及跌倒效能,提升独立步行能力与依从性,降低远期跌倒及伤害性跌倒风险,且安全性良好。 Abstract:Objective To explore the effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with virtual reality balance training on postural control and falls efficacy in patients with hemiplegia after stroke. Methods A total of 216 patients with post-stroke hemiplegia admitted to Kunshan Rehabilitation Hospital from May 2023 to April 2025 were enrolled. They were divided into four groups by random number table method: routine intervention group (routine intervention), high-frequency rTMS group (high-frequency rTMS intervention), balance training group (virtual reality balance training), and combined training group (high-frequency rTMS combined with virtual reality balance training), with 54 patients in each group. An assessor-single-blind design was used to reduce measurement bias. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (or mixed-effects models) was employed to compare outcomes—including postural control [Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA)], fall efficacy [Modified Fall Efficacy Scale (MFES)], walking ability [Functional Ambulation Category (FAC)], compliance [Exercise Adherence Questionnaire (EAQ)], adverse events, and fall rates—among the four groups before and after the intervention. Results After intervention, the BBS and FMA scores increased in all four groups: The scores in the high-frequency rTMS group and balance training group were higher than those in the routine intervention group (P < 0.05), and the scores in the combined training group were higher than those in the routine intervention group, the high-frequency rTMS group, and the balance training group (P < 0.05). There was a group-by-time interaction for BBS scores among the four groups (P < 0.05), whereas no group-by-time interaction was observed for FMA scoresamong the four groups (P > 0.05). After intervention, the MFES scores increased in all four groups. The scores in the high-frequency rTMS group and balance training group were higher than those in the routine intervention group (P < 0.05), and the scores in the combined training group were higher than those in the routine intervention group, the high-frequency rTMS group, and the balance training group (P < 0.05). Group-by-time interactions were found for all dimensions of the MFES (indoor activity, outdoor activity, and household activity) among the four groups (P < 0.05).After intervention, there was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of walking function (FAC grades) among the four groups (H = 22.364, P < 0.001). Post hoc pairwise comparisons using the Mann-Whitney U test (with a corrected significance level of α = 0.0083 ) revealed that walking function in the high-frequency rTMS group and the balance training group was superior to that in the routine intervention group (P <0.0083 ), and walking function in the combined training group was superior to that in the routine intervention group, the high-frequency rTMS group, and the balance training group (P <0.0083 ). After intervention, the EAQ scores of the four groups were increased. The scores in the high-frequency rTMS group and balance training group were higher than those in the routine intervention group (P < 0.05), and the scores in the combined training group were higher than those in the routine intervention group, the high-frequency rTMS group, and the balance training group (P < 0.05). Group-by-time interactions were observed for all dimensions of the EAQ (exercise intensity, time, frequency, and precautions) among the four groups (P < 0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions among the four groups (P > 0.05). The fall rate and injurious fall rate in the high-frequency rTMS group, balance training group, and combined training group were all lower than those in the routine intervention group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the fall rate and injurious fall rate in the combined training group were lower than those in the routine intervention group (P < 0.05).Conclusion Both high-frequency rTMS and virtual reality balance training, when applied alone, are superior to routine rehabilitation intervention. Their combination has a significant synergistic effect, which can more effectively improve balance function, motor function, and fall-related efficacy in patients with post-stroke hemiplegia, enhance independent walking ability and treatment compliance, reduce the long-term risks of falls and injurious falls, and has a favorable safety profile. -
Key words:
- High-frequency rTMS /
- Virtual reality balance training /
- Post-stroke /
- Hemiplegia /
- Postural control /
- Falls efficacy
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表 1 4组患者基线资料比较($ \bar x \pm s $)
Table 1. Comparison of baseline data among the four groups of patients($ \bar x \pm s $)
组别 n 性别(男/女,n) 年龄(岁) 病程(月) 卒中类型(缺血/出血,n) 常规干预组 54 26/28 61.09 ± 8.35 2.07 ± 0.39 25/29 高频rTMS组 54 27/27 60.95 ± 8.42 2.20 ± 0.44 26/28 平衡训练组 54 28/26 60.47 ± 8.16 2.15 ± 0.41 29/25 联合训练组 54 25/29 61.34 ± 8.52 2.21 ± 0.48 24/30 F/χ2 0.371 0.103 1.188 1.038 P 0.946 0.958 0.315 0.792 表 2 4组患者姿势控制比较($ \bar x \pm s $,分)
Table 2. Comparison of postural control among the four groups($ \bar x \pm s $,score)
组别 n BBS t P FMA t P 干预前 干预后 干预前 干预后 常规干预组 54 35.92 ± 4.65 38.24 ± 4.05 2.765 0.007* 49.17 ± 6.81 52.67 ± 4.98 3.049 0.003* 高频rTMS组 54 35.45 ± 5.06 41.08 ± 5.39 5.596 <0.001* 50.08 ± 5.94 55.94 ± 6.01 5.096 <0.001* 平衡训练组 54 35.57 ± 5.71 41.63 ± 6.51 5.143 <0.001* 51.73 ± 6.28 55.63 ± 6.19 3.250 0.002* 联合训练组 54 36.86 ± 5.19 44.26 ± 5.72 7.041 <0.001* 51.61 ± 6.49 58.54 ± 6.01 5.757 <0.001* F 0.825 10.920 2.031 9.207 P 0.481 <0.001* 0.111 <0.001* F组间/P组间 7.933/<0.001* 8.659/<0.001* F时间/P时间 108.900/<0.001* 73.720/<0.001* F组间*时间/P组间*时间 4.423/0.005* 1.909/0.127 *P < 0.05。 表 3 4组患者跌倒效能比较($ \bar x \pm s $,分)(1)
Table 3. Comparison of fall efficacy among the four groups($ \bar x \pm s $,score)(1)
组别 n 室内活动 t P 室外活动 t P 干预前 干预后 干预前 干预后 常规干预组 54 4.61 ± 1.05 5.14 ± 1.09 2.573 0.012* 4.67 ± 1.36 5.32 ± 1.59 2.283 0.024* 高频rTMS组 54 4.75 ± 1.26 5.72 ± 1.38 3.814 0.000* 4.75 ± 1.20 5.86 ± 1.34 4.535 <0.001* 平衡训练组 54 4.68 ± 1.36 5.88 ± 1.59 4.215 <0.001* 4.61 ± 1.48 5.97 ± 1.25 5.159 <0.001* 联合训练组 54 4.81 ± 1.29 6.60 ± 1.42 6.856 <0.001* 4.53 ± 1.62 6.59 ± 1.36 7.157 <0.001* F 0.261 10.22 0.231 7.577 P 0.854 <0.001* 0.875 <0.001* F组间/P组间 7.210/<0.001* 2.911/0.034* F时间/P时间 78.650/<0.001* 91.470/<0.001* F组间*时间/P组间*时间 4.296/0.005* 4.726/0.003* *P < 0.05。 3 4组患者跌倒效能比较($ \bar x \pm s $,分)(2)
3. Comparison of fall efficacy among the four groups($ \bar x \pm s $,score)(2)
组别 n 家务活动 t P 干预前 干预后 常规干预组 54 4.38 ± 1.02 5.06 ± 1.18 3.204 0.002* 高频rTMS组 54 4.42 ± 1.26 6.38 ± 1.45 7.498 <0.001* 平衡训练组 54 4.53 ± 1.61 6.54 ± 1.27 7.203 <0.001* 联合训练组 54 4.68 ± 1.53 7.12 ± 1.33 8.845 <0.001* F 0.515 23.780 P 0.673 <0.001* F组间/P组间 14.560/<0.001* F时间/P时间 188.000/<0.001* F组间*时间/P组间*时间 8.631/<0.001* *P < 0.05。 表 4 4组患者步行功能比较[n(%)]
Table 4. Comparison of walking function among the four groups [n(%)]
组别 n 1级 2级 3级 4级 5级 常规干预组 54 6(11.11) 21(38.89) 17(31.48) 5(9.26) 5(9.26) 高频rTMS组 54 4(7.41) 17(31.48) 19(35.19) 7(12.96) 7(12.96) 平衡训练组 54 3(5.56) 15(27.78) 18(33.33) 9(16.67) 9(16.67) 联合训练组 54 0(0) 6(11.11) 11(20.37) 18(33.33) 19(35.19) H 22.364 P <0.001* *P < 0.05。 表 5 4组患者依从性比较($ \bar x \pm s $,分)(1)
Table 5. Comparison of treatment compliance among the four groups ($ \bar x \pm s $,score)(1)
组别 n 锻炼强度 t P 时间 t P 干预前 干预后 干预前 干预后 常规干预组 54 4.66 ± 1.28 5.24 ± 1.08 2.545 0.012* 4.18 ± 1.25 5.75 ± 1.31 6.372 <0.001* 高频rTMS组 54 4.74 ± 1.41 5.72 ± 1.15 3.958 0.000* 4.49 ± 1.17 5.41 ± 1.45 3.629 0.000* 平衡训练组 54 4.62 ± 1.37 6.18 ± 1.06 6.618 <0.001* 4.17 ± 1.08 5.58 ± 1.24 6.301 <0.001* 联合训练组 54 4.93 ± 1.09 6.91 ± 0.84 10.570 <0.001* 4.54 ± 1.25 6.43 ± 1.09 8.374 <0.001* F 0.612 25.280 1.487 6.458 P 0.618 <0.001* 0.219 0.000* F组间/P组间 13.060/<0.001* 5.463/0.001* F时间/P时间 127.600/<0.001* 147.800/<0.001* F组间*时间/P组间*时间 7.510/<0.001* 2.842/0.038* 注:*P < 0.05。 5 4组患者依从性比较($ \bar x \pm s $,分)(2)
5. Comparison of compliance among the four groups ($ \bar x \pm s $,score)(2)
组别 n 频率 t P 注意事项 t P 干预前 干预后 干预前 干预后 常规干预组 54 4.84 ± 1.09 5.57 ± 1.51 2.880 0.005* 5.99 ± 1.53 6.63 ± 1.28 2.358 0.020* 高频rTMS组 54 4.75 ± 1.26 6.22 ± 1.36 5.827 <0.001* 6.37 ± 1.28 7.24 ± 1.30 3.504 0.001* 平衡训练组 54 4.93 ± 1.28 6.33 ± 1.42 5.381 <0.001* 6.01 ± 1.26 7.36 ± 1.25 5.589 <0.001* 联合训练组 54 4.64 ± 1.35 7.49 ± 1.28 11.260 <0.001* 6.34 ± 1.50 8.43 ± 1.07 8.335 <0.001* F 0.533 17.710 1.167 20.040 P 0.660 <0.001* 0.323 <0.001* F组间/P组间 7.935/<0.001* 12.380/<0.001* F时间/P时间 160.200/<0.001* 95.510/<0.001* F组间*时间/P组间*时间 12.200/<0.001* 6.401/0.000* *P < 0.05。 表 6 4组患者不良反应、跌倒率比较[n(%)]
Table 6. Comparison of adverse reactions and fall rates among the four groups [n(%)]
组别 n 轻度头皮麻 短暂眩晕 头痛 总计 跌倒率 伤害性跌倒率 常规干预组 54 0(0.00) 1(1.85) 1(1.85) 2(3.70) 12(22.22) 11(20.37) 高频rTMS组 54 2(3.70) 2(3.70) 1(1.85) 5(9.26) 7(12.96) 6(11.11) 平衡训练组 54 0(0.00) 3(5.56) 0(0.00) 3(5.56) 8(14.81) 5(9.26) 联合训练组 54 1(1.85) 2(3.70) 2(3.70) 5(9.26) 1(1.85) 0(0.00) χ2 1.934 10.700 12.350 P 0.586 0.014* 0.006* *P < 0.05。 -
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