Research Progress of Self-harm Behavior Among Drug Addicts
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摘要: 戒毒人员是个特殊的群体,被迫进入强制隔离戒毒所的吸毒者。由于其情绪变化、人身自由受限、戒断反应等问题,常常会出现自我伤害的行为。严重时波及生命安全,甚至发展成自杀。而该人群的自伤行为,因家庭的支持少、戒毒所管理人员不重视,并且社会关注度不高,往往被大众忽略。本综述通过对国内外吸毒人员的自伤相关行为的文献进行回顾和整理,试图找出负性情绪、成瘾物质等与戒毒人员自伤行为关联的证据,为未来建立、健全戒毒人员心理健康体系的研究提供了参考价值。Abstract: Drug addicts are a distinctive population. When compelled to enter drug rehabilitation centers. They frequently engage in self-injurious behaviors, even live-threatening and suicide, as a result of emotional fluctuations, restrictions on freedom, withdrawal reactions. The occurrence of self-harm among drug addicts is often neglected by the general public due to the lack of family support, attention from manages within rehabilitation facilities, and a paucity of societal concern. This review reviewed the literatures on self-harm related behaviors of drug addicts at home and abroad, and attempted to find evidence of the association between negative emotions and addictive substances and self-harm behaviors of drug addicts. This review provides reference value for the future research on the establishment and improvement of the mental health system for drug addicts.
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Key words:
- Substance Use Disorder /
- Drug Addicts /
- Self-harm Behavior
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全球的毒品使用率正在持续增长,每17个人(15-64岁)中就有1个人在过去的12个月内使用过毒品,物质滥用的问题不容忽视[1]。毒品泛滥成灾在我国最早可追溯到19世纪的鸦片战争,自那以后,中国政府便开启了打击毒品犯罪活动的历史。2021a底,我国公布了登记在册的吸毒人员有148.6万人,人数较前有所下降,但新型合成毒品增多、种类层出不穷,毒情仍不容乐观[2]。滥用毒品不仅会导致机体残疾、而且会缩短预期寿命、增加发生其他疾病的风险,造成极大的危害[3−6]。
1. 物质使用障碍
根据《中华人民共和国刑法》规定,毒品包括鸦片、海洛因、甲基苯丙胺(冰毒)、吗啡、大麻、可卡因以及国家规定的其他具有成瘾性的精麻药品[7]。吸毒在临床上称作物质使用障碍,在诊断上属于精神疾病,它是滥用一种或多种精神活性物质造成成瘾的精神或行为障碍[8]。反复、大量地使用毒品,会使人体产生依赖性,表现为对毒品表现出强烈、持续地渴望,并且对毒品的渴求控制能力会逐渐削弱[9]。
发展成为物质滥用的原因有很多。伴有抑郁和焦虑障碍、有反社会行为、存在高风险饮酒、吸烟、使用过大麻的人,未来发展为吸毒者几率更高[10]。在国内,调查发现吸毒者主要以男性、中青年、低学历的无业人士为主[11],该人群自幼经历许多的负性生活事件,比如父母离异、经济上的贫困、童年期虐待、自幼留守等,甚至早早辍学,受社会上不良同伴的影响,走上吸毒的道路[12-13]。20 a前,中国的吸毒者首次吸毒的平均年龄为29岁,最常使用的毒品是海洛因[14]。近年来,甲基苯丙胺的滥用最为广泛,吸毒人群也越来越趋向年轻化[15],与吸毒有关的青少年犯罪活动逐年增多。有研究发现,开始吸毒年龄较小的男性吸毒者未来有犯罪的风险,伴有抑郁症会增加年轻吸毒者暴力犯罪的发生[16]。
2. 戒毒人员精神和心理状况
在吸毒人群中,精神障碍和物质使用障碍常常相伴而生。22%的吸毒人员者至少伴有1种非物质使用障碍的精神疾病(焦虑、情绪障碍、精神分裂症、进食障碍)[17]。因为物质使用障碍属于一种慢性大脑疾病,而精神障碍也是慢性疾病发展的重要风险因素[18],所以精神疾病会增加物质滥用的风险,同样长期吸食毒品会给机体会带来严重的精神心理健康问题。有研究发现,海洛因成瘾者出现精神障碍的发生率为52.1%,是健康人群(发生率为23.2%)的2倍以上[19]。初次吸毒年龄越小、使用剂量更大的甲基苯丙胺滥用者,会表现出更多的精神病症状[20]。既往的流行病学调查也发现,成瘾物质的使用与严重的抑郁障碍、双相情感障碍、广泛性焦虑症、特殊恐怖症息息相关[21-22]。在青少年注射吸毒者中,创伤后应激障碍已被证实是滥用阿片类物质的重要危险因素[23]。物质使用障碍者中的注意缺陷多动障碍的发生率很高,同样注意缺陷多动障碍与物质滥用的呈正相关,并且这些人还可能存在更多的其他精神疾病[24]。
在打击毒品泛滥、宣传物质滥用危害的大环境下,社会各界和自我的谴责使吸毒者内心十分煎熬。在国外,60%的大麻使用者报告了焦虑情绪,33%的人报告存在抑郁情绪[25]。在中国,有19.1%的吸毒者被确诊了情绪障碍,特别是抑郁障碍[26]。吸毒者对社会上歧视和谩骂感到羞耻、很大的心理压力,尤其是女性,这种与吸毒有关的污名化与抑郁障碍显著相关[27-28]。抑郁障碍带来的危害,严重时将威胁生命安全,增加自伤和自杀的可能性[29]。另外,吸毒者的物质成瘾的严重程度也与未来发生自伤、自杀行为的风险呈正相关[30]。
3. 戒毒人员自伤相关行为
自我伤害是无自杀想法的前提下,故意地、直接或间接地对身体造成伤害。在国外,吸毒者的自伤行为发生率是23.7%-28%,首次自伤行为发生的平均年龄为18岁,以切割的自残方式为主[31-32]。在国内,1项荟萃分析显示,海洛因戒毒人员的自伤行为患病率为4.4%,最常见的自残方式为吞咽异物[33],包括但不限于打火机、铁钉、牙刷等,甚至使用镜片玻璃、蚊香架、易拉罐铁片割伤自己。
从神经生物学上讲,毒品能够兴奋中枢神经系统,产生难以言喻的兴奋、愉悦感。强制戒毒后,中枢神经失去相应的刺激,快感丧失、低落的情绪增加。吸毒者通过自我伤害的方式,可以促进多巴胺分泌,代替毒品产生的兴奋、愉快感。另一方面,吸毒者一经发现就会被公安机关送往戒毒所,家人的指责和社会上的议论,会让吸毒者产生羞愧、自我厌恶、自暴自弃的情绪,甚至对未来失去信心,采取偏激的手段应对[34]。此外,戒毒人员强戒期间不可避免出现急性的戒断反应,表现为躯体不适、强烈的渴求、焦虑、自残等情绪行为异常[35]。首次进入戒毒所的吸毒者往往在戒毒早期(3-10天)出现自我伤害的行为[36-37]。我国的强制隔离戒毒的期限长达2 a,因此不难理解戒毒人员通过自我伤害的方式,逃避强制戒毒、妄图保外就医[37]。
4. 戒毒人员自伤相关行为的影响因素
研究发现,所有类型的物质使用障碍都与自我伤害的风险增加相关,最常见的是阿片类物质[38]。1项出生队列研究[39]显示,青春期使用大麻,将会增加吸毒者自我伤害行为发生的风险(HR=3.93,95%CI:2.24-6.90)。在许多国家和地区,大麻的使用开始合法化,该政策会不会对吸毒者自伤行为有所助长?有研究发现,尽管大麻合法化,但自伤行为的就诊率和严重自伤所致住院率并没有变化[40]。大麻的推广,并未引起吸毒者严重自伤行为,但应继续关注该政策的影响对未来的发展趋势。全球约有
2700 万人使用苯丙胺,它是成瘾物质中的主要成员,具有中枢兴奋作用,能触发多巴胺的释放,从而增加快感。苯丙胺与反复自伤行为、严重自伤行为密切相关[41],在动物模型中,已明确发现苯丙胺能够诱导自残行为[42],苯丙胺滥用人员严重自伤的案例很多,包括但不限于摘除眼球、自行截止、反复切割生殖器[43-44]。目前尚未完全解释这一现象的发生机制,而苯丙胺也被开发用于治疗发作性睡病、注意缺陷多动障碍、难治性抑郁症等疾病[45],因此需要持续监测这一类毒品成瘾者的行为异常和该物质衍生而来的药物的安全性。此外,可卡因也被发现与自伤行为有关,一位女性吸毒者自诉使用可卡因后,能从反复出现的自伤行为(例如划伤手臂造成流血)中,获得极大的快感,可卡因能够抑制多巴胺再摄取、引起大脑前额叶皮质功能障碍,从而造成可卡因成瘾者难以克制地发生自伤行为[46]。除上述成瘾性物质外,可能还存在其他与自伤行为相关的物质,未来还要对新型毒品投入更多的研究。其他潜在因素也与自伤行为的发生有关。1项横断面调查发现,女性(OR=3.62,95%CI:2.08-6.05)、离家出走(OR=1.32,95%CI: 1.20-4.33)、使用多种物质(OR=1.32,95%CI:1.10-1.58)均是吸毒者自伤行为的危险因素[31]。由于这方面的报道较少,未来还需要更多的研究来支持。5. 小结
国内外戒毒人员的自伤行为的发生率不同,国外发生率较高。自伤行为与戒毒人员的性别、戒断症状、负面情绪、物质使用存在一定的关联。戒毒人员的自伤行为不仅威胁个人生命安全,还是其妄图破坏监管改造制度、尝试逃避法律惩处的极端方式,给我国司法部门的形象、强制隔离戒毒所的管理秩序带来极大的负面影响[47]。针对上述特征,我们可以根据戒毒人员不同性别、物质使用的种类制定个性化的预防和治疗措施,根据戒毒人员的戒断症状的多少、不同的情绪状态制定阶段化的康复治疗。除此以外,相关部门应该推动形成相应的政策,加强普法宣传,加强戒毒所制度管理。随着目前世界毒品形势的不断变化,许多国家大麻的合法化使用,这无疑是对我国打击毒品犯罪活动的严峻考验,所以更全面地了解戒毒人员自伤行为的现状,有益于有关部门及时调整相应的管理机制,构建更安全、健康的强戒环境。
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