Construction and Validation of a Nomogram for Predicting the Risk of Delirium in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of COPD Complicated by Respiratory Failure
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摘要:
目的 探讨急性加重期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,AECOPD)呼吸衰竭患者发生谵妄的影响因素,以此构建列线图预测模型,并评估该模型的预测效能。 方法 回顾性选取2023年3月至2025年3月安徽医科大学第一附属医院收治的210例AECOPD伴呼吸衰竭患者的临床资料作为观察对象,根据患者是否发生谵妄分为谵妄组(n = 72)及非谵妄组(n = 138)。比较两组一般基线资料,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析AECOPD伴呼吸衰竭患者发生谵妄的影响因素。将发生谵妄纳入阳性,非谵妄纳入阴性,绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析单因素中有差异的因素对AECOPD伴呼吸衰竭患者发生谵妄的预测价值。构建AECOPD伴呼吸衰竭患者谵妄发生风险预测的列线图模型并分析预测效果。 结果 两组呼吸机使用时间、动脉血氧分压(arterial partial pressure of oxygen,PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(partial pressure of carbon dioxide,PaCO2)、血清脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic facto,BDNF)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、微小核糖核酸-212-5p (microRNA,miR-212-5p)水平比较(P < 0.001)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,呼吸机使用时间>72 h (OR = 1.082,95%CI:1.016~1.152,P = 0.014),血清BDNF≤0.64 μg/L(OR = 0.922,95%CI:0.859~0.99,P = 0.024)、ALB≤35 g/L(OR = 0.920,95%CI:0.875~0.968,P = 0.001)、miR-212-5p相对表达量≤0.27(OR = 0.927,95%CI:0.869~0.989,P = 0.021),血清CRP>76.95 mg/L(OR = 1.081,95%CI:1.023~1.142,P = 0.005)等均为AECOPD伴呼吸衰竭患者发生谵妄的独立危险因素。ROC曲线结果显示,呼吸机使用时间、血清BDNF、ALB、CRP、miR-212-5p水平预测AECOPD伴呼吸衰竭患者发生谵妄的AUC分别为0.807(0.745~0.859)、0.841 (0.783~0.889)、0.793(0.730~0.847)、0.745(0.61~0.803)、0.826(0.768~0.875),均具有较高的预测价值。进一步绘制ROC曲线结果发现,列线图模型预测AECOPD伴呼吸衰竭患者谵妄发生风险具有较好的预测能力(AUC=0.852,95%CI:0.797~0.897),Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验结果显示模型具有较高准确度(χ2 = 2.309,P = 0.970)。DCA曲线结果显示,当高风险阈值为0.0~0.4时,呼吸机使用时间、血清BDNF、ALB、CRP、miR-212-5p水平预测AECOPD伴呼吸衰竭患者谵妄发生风险的净获益率优于以上指标单独预测。 结论 呼吸机使用时间延长,血清BDNF、ALB、miR-212-5p水平降低,血清CRP水平升高均为AECOPD伴呼吸衰竭患者发生谵妄的影响因素,临床可借助以上因素辅助评估谵妄发生。 Abstract:Objective To explore the influencing factors of delirium in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) complicated by respiratory failure, and to construct a nomogram prediction model, and to evaluate the predictive efficacy of this model. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data from 210 patients with AECOPD complicated by respiratory failure admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from March 2023 to March 2025, serving as the observation cohort. Patients were stratified into a delirium group (n = 72) and a non-delirium group (n = 138) based on whether delirium occurred. General baseline data of the two groups were compared, and univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the influencing factors of delirium in patients with AECOPD with respiratory failure. With delirium occurrence designated as positive and absence of delirium as negative, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to analyze the predictive value of factors with significant differences in univariate analysis for delirium development. A nomogram model was constructed to predict the risk of delirium in AECOPD patients with respiratory failure, and the predictive performance was analyzed. Results Between the two groups, significant differences were observed in mechanical ventilation duration, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), albumin (ALB), C-reactive protein (CRP), and microRNA-212-5p (miR-212-5p) levels (P < 0.001). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that mechanical ventilation duration > 72 hours (OR = 1.082, 95%CI: 1.016 ~1.152, P = 0.014), serum BDNF ≤ 0.64 μg/L (OR = 0.922, 95%CI: 0.859~0.99, P = 0.024), ALB ≤ 35 g/L (OR = 0.920, 95%CI: 0.875~0.968, P = 0.001), miR-212-5p relative expression≤ 0.27 (OR = 0.927, 95%CI: 0.869~0.989, P = 0.021), and serum CRP > 76.95 mg/L (OR = 1.081, 95%CI: 1.023~1.142, P = 0.005) were all independent risk factors for delirium in AECOPD patients with respiratory failure. ROC curve results showed that mechanical ventilation duration, serum BDNF, ALB, CRP, and miR-212-5p levels had AUCs of 0.807 (0.745~0.859), 0.841 (0.783~0.889), 0.793 (0.730~0.847), 0.745 (0.61~ 0.803), and 0.826 (0.768~0.875), respectively, all demonstrating high predictive value. Further analysis of the ROC curve revealed that the nomogram model demonstrated a good predictive ability for the risk of delirium in AECOPD patients with respiratory failure (AUC=0.852, 95%CI:0.797~0.897). Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test indicated high model accuracy (χ2 = 2.309, P = 0.970). Decision curve analysis (DCA) demonstrated that at high-risk thresholds of 0.0-0.4, the combined predictive value of mechanical ventilation duration, serum BDNF, ALB, CRP, and miR-212-5p levels for delirium risk in AECOPD patients with respiratory failure showed superior net benefit compared to individual indicators. Conclusion Prolonged mechanical ventilation duration, decreased serum BDNF, ALB and miR-212-5p levels, and the elevated serum CRP leves are all influencing factors for the occurrence of delirium in patients with AECOPD with respiratory failure. Clinically, these factors can serve as auxiliary tools for assessing delirium occurrence. these factors can be utilized to assist in the assessment of the occurrence of delirium. -
表 1 两组一般基线资料及单因素分析[n(%)/($ \bar x \pm s $)]
Table 1. General baseline data of the two groups and univariate analysis[n(%)/($ \bar x \pm s $)]
资料 谵妄组(n = 72) 非谵妄组(n = 138) χ2/t P 性别 0.023 0.879 男 42(58.33) 82(59.42) 女 30(41.67) 56(40.58) 年龄(岁) 0.518 0.472 <60 53(73.61) 95(68.84) ≥60 19(26.39) 43(31.16) BMI(kg/m2) 20.14 ± 1.26 20.21 ± 1.32 0.370 0.711 COPD病程(年) 5.26 ± 1.03 5.21 ± 1.01 0.338 0.736 疾病史 有糖尿病 32(44.44) 45(32.61) 2.854 0.091 有高血压 35(48.61) 49(35.51) 3.385 0.066 吸烟史 3.316 0.069 有 46(63.89) 70(50.72) 无 26(36.11) 68(49.28) 饮酒史 2.959 0.085 有 48(66.67) 75(54.35) 无 24(33.33) 63(45.65) 机械通气方式 2.036 0.154 有创 50(69.44) 82(59.42) 无创 22(30.56) 56(40.58) 呼吸机使用时间(h) 72.36 ± 2.58 69.54 ± 2.14 8.435 <0.001* 住院天数(d) 13.05 ± 1.24 12.69 ± 1.34 1.895 0.059 APACHEII评分(分) 25.23 ± 2.14 24.85 ± 2.11 1.233 0.219 肺功能指标 FVC(L) 2.05 ± 0.11 2.03 ± 0.12 1.179 0.240 FEV1(L) 1.06 ± 0.12 1.08 ± 0.13 1.086 0.279 FEV1/FVC(%) 51.71 ± 3.12 52.20 ± 2.79 1.159 0.248 动脉血气分析相关指标 PaO2(mmHg) 51.02 ± 9.54 53.89 ± 9.62 2.058 0.041* PaCO2(mmHg) 61.89 ± 10.23 58.66 ± 10.25 2.169 0.031* 血清BDNF(μg/L) 0.52 ± 0.11 0.69 ± 0.13 9.466 <0.001* 血清ALB(g/L) 36.58 ± 2.14 39.12 ± 2.34 7.684 <0.001* CRP(mg/L) 82.36 ± 8.59 76.54 ± 3.25 7.061 <0.001* NEU(×109/L) 4.21 ± 1.03 4.06 ± 1.02 1.008 0.315 LYM(×109/L) 1.38 ± 0.12 1.42 ± 0.21 1.493 0.137 NLR 3.12 ± 0.72 2.95 ± 0.65 1.733 0.085 miR-212-5p 0.23 ± 0.04 0.31 ± 0.06 10.188 <0.001* *P < 0.05。 表 2 影响AECOPD伴呼吸衰竭患者发生谵妄的变量赋值
Table 2. Variable assignment for factors affecting delirium in AECOPD patients with respiratory failure
变量类型 名称 赋值 因变量 AECOPD伴呼吸衰竭发生谵妄 0=未发生;1=发生 自变量 呼吸机使用时间 0=≤72 h;1=>72 h PaO2 0=>60 mmHg;1=≤60 mmHg PaCO2 0=≤50 mmHg;1=>50 mmHg 血清BDNF水平 0=>0.64 μg/L;1=≤0.64 μg/L 血清ALB水平 0=>35 g/L;1=≤35 g/L 血清CRP水平 0=≤76.95 mg/L;1=>76.95 mg/L miR-212-5p水平 0=>0.27;1=≤0.27 表 3 AECOPD伴呼吸衰竭患者发生谵妄的多因素Logistic回归分析
Table 3. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of delirium in AECOPD patients with respiratory failure
变量 β SE Wald χ2 P OR 95%CI 呼吸机使用时间 0.079 0.032 6.095 0.014* 1.082 1.016~1.152 PaO2 0.068 0.037 3.378 0.066 1.070 0.995~1.151 PaCO2 0.066 0.041 2.591 0.107 1.068 0.986~1.158 血清BDNF水平 −0.081 0.036 5.063 0.024* 0.922 0.859~0.99 血清ALB水平 −0.083 0.026 10.191 0.001* 0.920 0.875~0.968 血清CRP水平 0.078 0.028 7.760 0.005* 1.081 1.023~1.142 miR-212-5p水平 −0.076 0.033 5.304 0.021* 0.927 0.869~0.989 *P < 0.05。 表 4 呼吸机使用时间、血清BDNF、ALB、CRP、miR-212-5p水平预测AECOPD伴呼吸衰竭患者发生谵妄的ROC曲线分析
Table 4. ROC curve analysis for predicting delirium in patients with AECOPD and respiratory failure based on mechanical ventilating duration,serum BDNF,ALB,CRP,and miR-212-5p levels
指标 截断值 AUC 标准误 95%CI P 约登指数 灵敏度(%) 特异度(%) 呼吸机使用时间 72 h 0.807 0.0338 0.745~0.859 < 0.0001 *0.522 76.40 75.80 血清BDNF水平 0.64 μg/L 0.841 0.0288 0.783~0.889 < 0.0001 *0.554 81.94 73.44 血清ALB水平 35 g/L 0.793 0.0316 0.730~0.847 < 0.0001 *0.497 77.80 71.90 血清CRP水平 76.95 mg/L 0.745 0.0403 0.610~0.803 < 0.0001 *0.472 63.90 83.33 miR-212-5p水平 0.27 0.826 0.0281 0.768~0.875 < 0.0001 *0.526 90.28 62.32 *P < 0.05。 -
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