Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Early Gait Abnormalities in AD Model Mice Induced by Acute Intracerebroventricular Injection of Aβ1-42
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摘要:
目的 探索侧脑室注射Aβ1-42对小鼠步态的急性影响,并表征其步态改变。 方法 将64只SPF级C57/BL6J小鼠随机分为Control组(n = 32)和AD组(n = 32),运用侧脑室注射Aβ1-42的方法造模,实验初期(3~7 d)及末期(14~18 d)对小鼠进行转棒实验、爬杆实验、步态分析、Y迷宫和新物体识别实验测试(n = 20),并于造模后第5天(n = 6)和第14 天(n = 6)对小鼠双侧纹状体、海马进行Aβ含量的WB检测。 结果 两组小鼠在转棒和爬杆实验中的行为表现差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。相较于Control组,5 d时AD组小鼠四肢步幅均明显缩短(P < 0.001)、前肢步宽(P < 0.001)、后肢步宽(P < 0.001)明显降低,四肢步幅变异系数明显增加(P < 0.05),步长周期在中、高总速度条件下明显缩短(P < 0.01),而支撑时相、摆动时相与Control组相比差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。造模后6~7 d AD组小鼠进入Y迷宫新异臂的次数和在新异臂的探索距离与对照组无显著差异(P > 0.05),但其在新物体识别实验中对新物体的探索次数和时间均少于Control组(P < 0.05),14~15 d AD组小鼠进入Y迷宫新异臂的次数、在新异臂的探索距离、对新物体的探索次数和时间均显著少于Control组(P < 0.05)。18 d时AD小鼠相较于Control组小鼠四肢步幅明显减小(P < 0.001)、步宽明显降低(P < 0.001)、步长周期显著缩短(P < 0.001)、四肢步幅变异系数较Control组小鼠均明显增加(P < 0.01),支撑时相、摆动时相则与Control组相比差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。5 d和14 d的WB结果显示AD组小鼠双侧纹状体Aβ含量无显著变化(P > 0.05),海马区Aβ含量升高(P < 0.05)。 结论 急性侧脑室注射Aβ1-42可导致小鼠步态异常,呈现出一种小步幅、窄步宽的步行模式,且步幅变异增加。 Abstract:Objective To explore the acute effect of intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1-42 on mouseb gait and characterize the resulting gait alterations. Methods Sixty-four SPF-grade C57/BL6J mice were randomly assigned to a Control group(n = 32) and an AD group (n = 32). The AD mouse model was established by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1-42. Rotarod test, pole test, gait analysis, Y-maze test and novel object recognition test were performed in the early (3~7 d) and late (14~18 d) experimental stages (n = 20). Western-blotting (WB) was used to detect Aβ levels in the bilateral striatum and hippocampus at day 5 (n = 6) and day 14 (n = 6) after modeling. Results There were no statistically significant differences in the performance of rotarod and pole tests between the two groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the Control group, the AD mice exhibited significantly shortened stride length of all four limbs (P<0.001), decreased forelimb and hindlimb stride width (P < 0.001), increased coefficient of variation of stride length (P < 0.05), and shortened step cycle under medium and high total speeds(P < 0.01) at day 5. No significant differences in stance phase and swing phase were observed between groups (P > 0.05). At 6~7 d after modeling, the number of entries into and exploration distance within the novel arm of the Y-maze test showed no significant differences between the AD group and Control group (P > 0.05). However, AD mice made fewer explorations of the novel object and spent less time exploring it than Control mice (P < 0.05). At 14~15 d, AD mice showed significantly fewer entries into the novel Y-maze arm, a shorter exploration distance in that arm, and fewer and shorter explorations of the novel object than Control mice (P < 0.05). At day 18, AD group showed markedly reduced limb stride length (P < 0.001), decreased stride width (P < 0.001), shortened step cycle (P < 0.001), and elevated coefficient of variation of stride length (P < 0.01), whereas no inter-group differences were found in stance phase and swing phase (P > 0.05). Western blotting at days 5 and 14 showed no significant change in Aβ levels in the bilateral striatum of AD mice (P > 0.05), whereas hippocampal Aβ levels were increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion Acute intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1-42 induces gait abnormalities in mice, characterized by a short-stride, narrow-based walking pattern and increased stride variability. -
Key words:
- Alzheimer's disease /
- Dementia /
- Gait analysis /
- Motor function /
- Cognitive function
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图 5 两组小鼠Y迷宫实验结果($ \bar x \pm s $,n = 20)
A~B:6 d Y迷宫实验结果统计图;C~D:14 d Y迷宫实验结果统计图;E~F:6 d Control 和AD组小鼠在Y迷宫实验中的代表性轨迹图;G~H:14 d Control 和AD组小鼠在Y迷宫实验中的代表性轨迹图;I~J:6 d Control 和AD组小鼠在Y迷宫实验中的代表性热图;K~L:14 d Control 和AD组小鼠在Y迷宫实验中的代表性热图。轨迹图显示动物中心点在测试过程中的运动轨迹,热图显示动物中心点出现在迷宫中的时间占比,色标从左到右为权重从低到高。N:新异臂;O:其他臂;S:起始臂;*P < 0.05;**P < 0.01;***P < 0.001;ns表示差异无统计学意义。
Figure 5. Y-maze test results of mice in the two groups ($ \bar x \pm s $,n = 20)
图 6 新物体识别实验结果($ \bar x \pm s $,n = 20)
A~B:7 d 新物体识别实验结果统计图;C~D:15 d 新物体识别实验结果统计图;E~F:7 d Control 和AD组小鼠在新物体识别实验中的代表性轨迹图;G~H:15 d Control 和AD组小鼠在新物体识别实验中的代表性轨迹图;I~J:7 d Control 和AD组小鼠在新物体识别实验中的代表性热图;K~L:15 d Control 和AD组小鼠在新物体识别实验中的代表性热图。轨迹图显示动物中心点在测试过程中的运动轨迹,热图显示动物中心点出现在场内的时间占比,色标从左到右为权重从低到高。方形为旧物体,圆形为新物体。*P < 0.05;**P < 0.01;***P < 0.001;ns表示差异无统计学意义。
Figure 6. Results of novel object recognition test ($ \bar x \pm s $,n = 20)
图 8 两组小鼠纹状体、海马组织中Aβ含量的WB结果($ \bar x \pm s $,n = 6)
A: 5 d 时Control和AD组小鼠纹状体中Aβ含量的WB代表性条带和统计结果;B: 5 d 时Control和AD组小鼠海马中Aβ含量的WB代表性条带和统计结果;C:14 d 时Control和AD组小鼠纹状体中Aβ含量的WB代表性条带和统计结果;D:14 d 时Control和AD组小鼠海马中Aβ含量的WB代表性条带和统计结果;*P < 0.05;**P < 0.01;***P < 0.001;ns表示差异无统计学意义。
Figure 8. WB results of Aβ contents in striatum and hippocampus tissues of mice from the two groups ($ \bar x \pm s $, n = 6)
表 1 本研究评估的步态参数及意义
Table 1. Gait parameters evaluated in this study and their implications
步态参数 意义 步幅(cm) 同一肢连续两个最大脚印横坐标中点之间的距离 步长周期(s) 单肢步幅的平均时长 支撑时相(%) 支撑时长占步幅时长的百分比 摆动时相(%) 摆动时长占步幅时长的百分比 总速度(cm/s) 步长的总和/步幅时长总和 步幅变异系数 步幅标准差/步幅平均值 步宽(cm) 在行走中左、右两足间的距离 脚步频率(步/min) 单位时间内的脚步数 表 2 5 d步态分析结果(协方差分析部分)
Table 2. Gait parameters of mice at 5 d after modeling (ANCOVA)
步态参数组别*总速度 Control-5d AD-5d
F(df1,df2)
PF P 原始值/校正值 原始值/校正值 左前爪步态数据 步长周期(s) 4.537 0.040* 0.095±0.016/ — 0.103±0.014/ — — — 步幅(cm) 0.008 0.931 6.424±0.550/6.233±0.100 5.366±0.386/5.557±0.100 18.778(1,37) <0.001*** 支撑时相(%) 0.695 0.410 54.995±4.648/56.882±1.123 59.500±5.568/57.613±1.123 0.175(1,37) 0.678 摆动时相(%) 0.695 0.410 45.005±4.648/43.118±1.123 40.500±5.568/42.387±1.123 0.175(1,37) 0.678 步幅变异系数 0.043 0.836 0.029±0.012/0.027±0.016 0.125±0.090/0.127±0.016 15.297(1,37) <0.001*** 总速度(cm/s) — — 69.756±14.582/ — 52.945±7.989/ — — — 右前爪步态数据 步长周期(s) 9.284 0.004* 0.097±0.016/ — 0.105±0.020/ — — — 步幅(cm) 0.280 0.600 6.426±0.549/6.258±0.098 5.328±0.395/5.495±0.098 26.142(1,37) <0.001*** 支撑时相(%) 0.019 0.891 56.972±4.046/57.822±1.508 60.686±7.828/59.836±1.508 0.764(1,37) 0.388 摆动时相(%) 0.019 0.891 43.028±4.046/42.178±1.508 39.314±7.828/40.164±1.508 0.764(1,37) 0.388 步幅变异系数 0.191 0.665 0.035±0.027/0.039±0.016 0.110±0.086/0.106±0.016 7.619(1,37) 0.009** 总速度(cm/s) — — 68.853±14.759/ — 52.576±11.428/ — — — 左后爪步态数据 步长周期(s) 0.243 0.625 0.095±0.017/0.104±0.002 0.098±0.016/0.089±0.002 14.518(1,37) 0.001** 步幅(cm) 3.062 0.089 6.462±0.510/6.229±0.134 5.069±0.724/5.303±0.134 19.747(1,37) <0.001*** 支撑时相(%) 2.446 0.127 59.273±4.922/60.888±1.269 63.676±6.039/62.061±1.269 0.356(1,37) 0.555 摆动时相(%) 2.446 0.127 40.727±4.922/39.112±1.269 36.324±6.039/37.939±1.269 0.356(1,37) 0.555 步幅变异系数 0.255 0.616 0.035±0.020/0.040±0.021 0.180±0.113/0.174±0.021 6.255(1,37) 0.017* 总速度(cm/s) — — 70.704±14.688/ — 52.733±10.829/ — — — 右后爪步态数据 步长周期(s) 11.278 0.002* 0.094±0.016/ — 0.104±0.019/ — — — 步幅(cm) 0.319 0.576 6.436±0.556/6.230±0.102 5.265±0.394/5.471±0.102 22.477(1,37) <0.001*** 支撑时相(%) 1.142 0.241 57.309±6.316/58.481±1.896 63.014±8.544/61.842±1.896 1.278(1,37) 0.266 摆动时相(%) 1.142 0.241 42.691±6.316/41.519±1.896 36.987±8.544/38.158±1.896 1.278(1,37) 0.266 步幅变异系数 1.353 0.252 0.035±0.034/0.037±0.015 0.124±0.083/0.115±0.015 10.450(1,37) 0.003** 总速度(cm/s) — — 70.307±14.170/ — 52.231±9.442/ — — — 多爪步态数据 前肢步宽(cm) 0.326 0.572 3.570±0.289/3.539±0.076 2.991±0.243/3.022±0.076 20.982(1,37) <0.001*** 后肢步宽(cm) 1.157 0.289 4.177±0.265/4.149±0.065 3.574±0.294/3.602±0.065 31.572(1,37) <0.001*** 脚步频率 — — 32.600±6.038/ — 27.800±4.021/ — — — 注:采用协方差分析,原始值以$ \bar x \pm s $表示;校正后值以均数±标准误(SE)表示*P < 0.05;**P < 0.01;***P < 0.001;n=20。 表 3 5 d步态分析结果(简单斜率分析部分)
Table 3. Gait parameters of mice at 5 d after modeling (simple slopes analysis)
步态参数 总速度水平 对比组别 回归系数 标准误(SE) t P 95% CI 左前爪步态数据 步长周期(s) 低速($ \overline{x}\text{-s} $) AD vs. Control −0.005 0.004 −1.419 0.165 (−0.013,0.002) 中等速度($ \overline{x} $) AD vs. Control −0.012 0.003 −4.114 <0.001*** (−0.019,−0.006) 高速($ \overline{x}\text{+s} $) AD vs. Control −0.020 0.005 −3.722 <0.001*** (−0.030,−0.009) 右前爪步态数据 步长周期(s) 低速($ \overline{x}\text{-s} $) AD vs. Control −0.003 0.004 −0.838 0.408 (−0.011,0.005) 中等速度($ \overline{x} $) AD vs. Control −0.013 0.003 −4.278 <0.001*** (−0.018,−0.007) 高速($ \overline{x}\text{+s} $) AD vs. Control −0.022 0.005 −4.84 <0.001*** (−0.031,−0.013) 右后爪步态数据 步长周期(s) 低速($ \overline{x}\text{-s} $) AD vs. Control −0.004 0.004 −0.839 0.407 (−0.012,0.005) 中等速度($ \overline{x} $) AD vs. Control −0.016 0.003 −4.634 <0.001*** (−0.023,−0.009) 高速($ \overline{x}\text{+s} $) AD vs. Control −0.028 0.006 −5.035 <0.001*** (−0.039,−0.017) 注:采用简单斜率分析,*P < 0.05;**P < 0.01;***P < 0.001;n=20。 表 4 18 d步态分析结果
Table 4. Gait analysis results at 18 d
步态参数组别*总速度 Control-18d AD-18d
F(df1,df2)
PF P 原始值/校正值 原始值/校正值) 左前爪步态数据 步长周期(s) 0.071 0.791 0.089±0.022/0.105±0.002 0.104±0.020/0.088±0.002 30.778(1,37) <0.001*** 步幅(cm) 3.184 0.083 6.750±0.310/6.639±0.126 5.317±0.629/5.428±0.126 36.571(1,37) <0.001*** 支撑时相(%) 0.301 0.587 54.448±3.987/55.736±1.406 57.937±6.759/56.649±1.406 0.167(1,37) 0.685 摆动时相(%) 0.301 0.587 45.552±3.987/44.264±1.406 42.063±6.759/43.351±1.406 0.167(1,37) 0.685 步幅变异系数 2.529 0.121 0.039±0.018/0.047±0.010 0.113±0.055/0.104±0.010 11.471(1,37) 0.002** 总速度(cm/s) — — 80.162±17.751/ — 53.601±14.297/ — — — 右前爪步态数据 步长周期(s) 0.177 0.677 0.089±0.022/0.105±0.002 0.105±0.019/0.089±0.002 27.608(1,37) <0.001*** 步幅(cm) 0.092 0.764 6.782±0.339/6.713±0.132 5.354±0.627/5.423±0.132 37.556(1,37) <0.001*** 支撑时相(%) 0.866 0.358 56.004±4.539/57.561±1.477 61.107±6.940/59.549±1.477 0.712(1,37) 0.404 摆动时相(%) 0.866 0.358 43.996±4.539/42.439±1.477 38.893±6.940/40.451±1.477 0.712(1,37) 0.404 步幅变异系数 1.201 0.280 0.038±0.024/0.046±0.012 0.122±0.058/0.114±0.012 13.626(1,37) 0.001** 总速度(cm/s) — — 80.546±17.984/ — 53.205±14.302/ — — — 左后爪步态数据 步长周期(s) 0.692 0.411 0.089±0.021/0.103±0.002 0.103±0.020/0.089±0.002 16.587(1,37) <0.001*** 步幅(cm) 2.596 0.116 6.609±0.472/6.414±0.119 5.297±0.588/5.491±0.119 24.706(1,37) <0.001*** 支撑时相(%) 1.280 0.265 56.454±7.126/59.892±1.483 59.655±7.733/56.218±1.483 2.512(1,37) 0.122 摆动时相(%) 1.280 0.265 43.546±7.126/40.108±1.483 40.345±7.733/43.782±1.483 2.512(1,37) 0.122 步幅变异系数 3.537 0.068 0.033±0.020/0.042±0.016 0.135±0.085/0.126±0.016 11.879(1,37) 0.001** 总速度(cm/s) — — 78.048±17.994/ — 53.871±14.770/ — — — 右后爪步态数据 步长周期(s) 1.268 0.268 0.088±0.020/0.104±0.002 0.103±0.020/0.087±0.002 28.245(1,37) <0.001*** 步幅(cm) 2.903 0.097 6.710±0.442/6.529±0.123 5.203±0.568/5.384±0.123 33.631(1,37) <0.001*** 支撑时相(%) 2.223 0.145 52.818±6.457/56.157±1.930 59.269±9.674/55.930±1.930 0.005(1,37) 0.942 摆动时相(%) 2.223 0.145 47.183±6.457/43.843±1.930 40.731±9.674/44.070±1.930 0.005(1,37) 0.942 步幅变异系数 0.963 0.333 0.036±0.028/0.053±0.026 0.188±0.140/0.171±0.026 7.763(1,37) 0.008** 总速度(cm/s) — — 79.849±17.373/ — 52.912±13.954/ — — — 多爪步态数据 前肢步宽(cm) 0.110 0.742 3.683±0.190/3.672±0.076 3.067±0.407/3.077±0.076 28.115(1,37) <0.001*** 后肢步宽(cm) 0.165 0.687 4.140±0.231/4.120±0.069 3.623±0.340/3.643±0.069 21.940(1,37) <0.001*** 脚步频率 — — 31.100±8.626/ — 28.950±6.894/ — — — 注:采用协方差分析,原始值以($ \bar x \pm s $)表示;校正后值以均数±标准误(SE)表示;*P < 0.05;**P < 0.01;***P < 0.001;n=20。 表 5 AD小鼠步态分析前后对比(5d 与18d对比)
Table 5. Comparison of gait parameters in AD mice (comparison between 5 d and 18 d)
步态参数AD-5d
($ \bar x \pm s $)AD-18d
($ \bar x \pm s $)时间效应 总速度/脚步频率协变量 成对比较
(5 d vs. 18 d)PaF(df1,df2) P F(df1,df2) P 左前爪步态数据 步长周期(s) 0.103±0.014 0.104±0.020 0.351(1,18.804) 0.560 137.121(1,36.743) <0.001*** 0.560 步幅(cm) 5.366±0.386 5.317±0.629 0.273(1,18.561) 0.608 21.092(1,36.410) <0.001*** 0.608 支撑时相(%) 59.500±5.568 57.937±6.759 0.587(1,18.231) 0.453 4.534(1,36.997) 0.040* 0.453 摆动时相(%) 40.500±5.568 42.063±6.759 0.584(1,18.231) 0.453 4.534(1,37.000) 0.040* 0.453 步幅变异系数 0.125±0.090 0.113±0.055 0.207(1,18.312) 0.655 0.420(1,34.378) 0.521 0.655 总速度(cm/s) 52.945±7.989 53.601±14.297 — — — — — 右前爪步态数据 步长周期(s) 0.105±0.020 0.105±0.019 0.089(1,18.766) 0.768 165.145(1,36.619) <0.001*** 0.768 步幅(cm) 5.328±0.395 5.354±0.627 0.006(1,18.207) 0.940 27.693(1,36.213) <0.001*** 0.940 支撑时相(%) 60.686±7.828 61.107±6.940 0.053(1,18.731) 0.820 2.978(1,36.899) 0.093 0.820 摆动时相(%) 39.314±7.828 38.893±6.940 0.053(1,18.731) 0.820 2.978(1,36.892) 0.093 0.820 步幅变异系数 0.110±0.086 0.122±0.058 0.320(1,23.752) 0.577 2.622(1,56.260) 0.111 0.577 总速度(cm/s) 52.576±11.428 53.205±14.302 — — — — — 左后爪步态数据 步长周期(s) 0.098±0.016 0.103±0.020 5.415(1,18.782) 0.031* 76.147(1,36.970) <0.001*** 0.031* 步幅(cm) 5.069±0.724 5.297±0.588 1.873(1,17.939) 0.188 25.735(1,36.839) <0.001*** 0.188 支撑时相(%) 63.676±6.039 59.655±7.733 4.141(1,15.597) 0.059 24.647(1,30.705) <0.001*** 0.059 摆动时相(%) 36.324±6.039 40.345±7.733 4.141(1,15.597) 0.059 24.647(1,30.708) <0.001*** 0.059 步幅变异系数 0.180±0.113 0.135±0.085 1.945(1,18.742) 0.179 3.105(1,34.973) 0.087 0.179 总速度(cm/s) 52.733±10.829 53.871±14.770 — — — — — 右后爪步态数据 步长周期(s) 0.104±0.019 0.103±0.020 0.000(1,18.867) 0.992 136.621(1,34.548) <0.001*** 0.992 步幅(cm) 5.265±0.394 5.203±0.568 0.316(1,17.367) 0.581 18.658(1,34.759) <0.001*** 0.581 支撑时相(%) 63.014±8.544 59.269±9.674 2.387(1,17.345) 0.140 13.968(1,35.469) 0.001** 0.140 摆动时相(%) 36.987±8.544 40.731±9.674 2.387(1,17.345) 0.140 13.968(1,35.469) 0.001** 0.140 步幅变异系数 0.124±0.083 0.188±0.140 3.809(1,18.573) 0.066 2.924(1,36.880) 0.096 0.066 总速度(cm/s) 52.231±9.442 52.912±13.954 — — — — — 多爪步态数据 前肢步宽(cm) 2.991±0.243 3.067±0.407 0.417(1,18.881) 0.526 0.299(1,36.695) 0.588 0.526 后肢步宽(cm) 3.574±0.294 3.623±0.340 0.101(1,18.866) 0.754 1.802(1,36.163) 0.188 0.754 脚步频率 27.800±4.021 28.950±6.894 — — — — — 注:采用线性混合效应模型分析,aSidak法进行比较校正;*P < 0.05;**P < 0.01;***P < 0.001;n=20。 -
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